Editing Yorkshire (section)

===500s–1000s: Germanic landings===
====500s–800s: Celtic-Anglo kingdoms of Ebrauc, Elmet, Deira and Northumbria====
After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms arose in the region, including the kingdoms of [[Deira]] to the east (domain of settlements near [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]] on [[River Derwent, Yorkshire|Derwent]]), [[Ebrauc]] (domain of York) around the north and [[Elmet]] to the west. The latter two were successors of land south-west and north-east of the former [[Brigantia (ancient region)|Brigantia]] capital.

[[Angles (tribe)|Angles]] (hailing from southern Denmark and northern Germany, probably along with Swedish [[Geats]]<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Beowulf and other Viking ancestors |url=https://historyofenglishpodcast.com/2014/05/06/episode-42-beowulf-and-other-viking-ancestors/ |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=History of English podcast|date=29 September 2016 }}</ref>) consolidated (merging [[History of York|Ebrauc]]) under Deira, with York as capital. This in turn was grouped with [[Bernicia]], another former [[Celtic Britons|Celtic]]-[[Brigantes]] kingdom that was north of the [[River Tees]] and had come to be headed by [[Bamburgh]], to form [[Northumbria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainEbrauc.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Ebrauc|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=30 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224200/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainEbrauc.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Elmet|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=1 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Elmet had remained independent from the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] Angles until some time in the early 7th century, when King [[Edwin of Northumbria]] expelled its last king, Certic, and annexed the region to his Deira region. The Celts never went away, but were assimilated. This explains the existence of many Celtic placenames in Yorkshire today, such as [[Kingston upon Hull]] and [[Pen-y-ghent]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What's in a Dales name? |url=https://www.dalesdiscoveries.com/more-inspiration/53-whats-in-a-dales-name |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=Dales Discoveries}}</ref>

As well as the Angles and Geats, other settlers included [[Frisians]] (thought to have founded [[New Fryston|Fryston]] and [[Frizinghall]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Settlers in Northumbria |url=https://www.wilcuma.org.uk/northumbria/settlers-in-northumbria/ |access-date=5 July 2022|website=Wilcuma}}</ref>), [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]], [[Franks]] and [[Huns]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Were there Huns in Anglo-Saxon England? Some thoughts on Bede, Priscus & Attila |url=https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/07/were-there-huns-in-anglo-saxon-england.html#fn3 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=caitlyngreen.org}}</ref>

At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the [[Irish Sea]] to the [[North Sea]] and from [[Edinburgh]] down to [[Hallamshire]] in the south.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/anglosaxons/invasion/invind3.shtml|publisher=BBC|title=The Anglo-Saxons|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=17 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017151323/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/anglosaxons/invasion/invind3.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====800s–900s: Jórvík====
{{Main|Jórvík|l1=Kingdom of Jórvík}}'''Scandinavian York''' (also referred to as '''Jórvík''') or '''Danish/Norwegian York''' is a term used by historians for the south of [[Northumbria]] (modern-day Yorkshire) during the late 9th century and first half of the 10th century, when it was dominated by Norse warrior-kings; in particular, used to refer to [[York]], the city controlled by these kings.

Norse monarchy controlled varying amounts of Northumbria from 875 to 954, however the area was invaded and conquered for short periods by [[England]] between 927 and 954 before eventually being annexed into England in 954. It was closely associated with the much longer-lived [[Kingdom of Dublin]] throughout this period.[[File:EricBloodaxeCoin.png|thumb|right|Coin from Eric Bloodaxe's reign]]
An army of [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danish]] [[Vikings]], the [[Great Heathen Army]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk/vikings4.htm|publisher=Jorvik-Viking-Centre.co.uk|title=What Happened to Them?|access-date=25 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204846/http://www.jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk/vikings4.htm |archive-date = 12 October 2007}}</ref> as its enemies often referred to it, invaded Northumbrian territory in 866&nbsp;AD. The Danes conquered and assumed what is now York and renamed it [[Jórvík]], making it the capital city of a new Danish kingdom under the same name. The area which this kingdom covered included most of Southern Northumbria, roughly equivalent to the borders of Yorkshire extending further West.<ref name="jorvikking">{{cite web|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/kingdom_of_york_m.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=The Viking Kingdom of York|date=15 April 2000|access-date=24 October 2007|archive-date=25 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225081026/http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/kingdom_of_york_m.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Danes went on to conquer an even larger area of England that afterwards became known as the [[Danelaw]]; but whereas most of the Danelaw was still English land, albeit in submission to Viking overlords, it was in the [[Jórvík|Kingdom of Jórvík]] that the only truly Viking territory on mainland Britain was ever established. The Kingdom prospered, taking advantage of the vast [[Trade during the Viking Age|trading network of the Viking nations]], and established commercial ties with the [[British Isles]], North-West Europe, the [[Mediterranean]] and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist4.html|publisher=Britannia.com|title=Narrative History of York: Viking Times|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818202555/http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist4.html|archive-date=18 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Founded by the Dane [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]] in 875,<ref name="vikingnorth">{{cite web|url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/VikingNorthumbria.htm|publisher=NorthEastEngland.net|title=Part Two – Jorvik and the Viking Age (866&nbsp;AD – 1066&nbsp;AD)|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029182047/http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/VikingNorthumbria.htm|archive-date=29 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> ruled for the great part by Danish kings, and populated by the families and subsequent descendants of Danish Vikings, the leadership of the kingdom nonetheless passed into Norwegian hands during its twilight years.<ref name="vikingnorth" /> [[Eric Bloodaxe]], an ex-king of Norway who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík, is a particularly noted figure in history,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Eric Bloodaxe|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-date=1 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001181311/http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> and his bloodthirsty approach towards leadership may have been at least partly responsible for convincing the Danish inhabitants of the region to accept English sovereignty so readily in the years that followed.

====800s–1000s: Yorkshire====

After around 100 years of its volatile existence, the Kingdom of Jorvik finally came to an end. The [[Kingdom of Wessex]] was now in its ascendancy and established its dominance over the North in general, placing Yorkshire again within [[Northumbria]], which retained a certain amount of autonomy as an almost-independent [[earl]]dom rather than a separate kingdom. The Wessex [[Kings of England]] were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist5.html|publisher=Britannia.com|title=Narrative History of York: Late Saxon Times|access-date=25 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623102237/http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist5.html|archive-date=23 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>