Editing Year Without a Summer (section)

==Societal effects==
{{multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 250
| header            = [[Caspar David Friedrich]] paintings before and after the eruption
| image1            = Friedrich, Caspar David - Mönch am Meer - Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin.jpg
| caption1          = ''The Monk by the Sea'' (ca. 1808–1810)
| image2            = Caspar David Friedrich - Two Men by the Sea - WGA8249.jpg
| caption2          = ''Two Men by the Sea'' (1817)
}}

High levels of [[tephra]] in the atmosphere caused a haze to hang over the sky for several years after the eruption, and created rich red hues in sunsets. Paintings during the years before and after seem to confirm that these striking reds were not present before Mount Tambora's eruption,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Hubbard|first=Zachary|date=April 30, 2019|title=Paintings in the Year Without a Summer|journal=Philologia|volume=11|issue=1|pages=17|doi=10.21061/ph.173|doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024|issn=2372-1952|doi-access=free|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334584078|access-date=January 21, 2024|archive-date=May 29, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529135713/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334584078_Paintings_in_the_Year_Without_a_Summer|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Zerefos|first1=C. S.|last2=Gerogiannis|first2=V. T.|last3=Balis|first3=D.|last4=Zerefos|first4=S. C.|last5=Kazantzidis|first5=A.|date=April 16, 2007|title=Atmospheric effects of volcanic eruptions as seen by famous artists and depicted in their paintings|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions|volume=7|issue=2|pages=5145–5172|doi=10.5194/acpd-7-5145-2007|issn=1680-7375|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296303/file/acp-7-4027-2007.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313142203/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00296303/file/acp-7-4027-2007.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-13 |url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> and depict moodier, darker scenes, even in the light of both the sun and the moon. [[Caspar David Friedrich]]'s ''[[The Monk by the Sea]]'' (ca. 1808–1810) and ''[[Two Men by the Sea]]'' (1817) indicate this shift of mood.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:Chichester Canal (1828).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|''[[Chichester Canal (painting)|Chichester Canal]]'' (1828) by [[J. M. W. Turner]]]]

A 2007 study analyzing paintings created between the years 1500 and 1900 around the times of notable volcanic events found a correlation between volcanic activity and the amount of red used in the painting.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> High levels of tephra in the atmosphere led to spectacular sunsets during this period, as depicted in the paintings of [[J. M. W. Turner]], and may have given rise to the yellow tinge predominant in his paintings such as ''[[Chichester Canal (painting)|Chichester Canal]]'' (1828). Similar phenomena were observed after the [[1883 eruption of Krakatoa]], and on the [[West Coast of the United States]] following the [[1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo]].<ref name=":3" />

The lack of oats to feed horses may have inspired the German inventor [[Karl Drais]] to research new ways of horseless transportation, which led to the invention of the [[draisine]] and [[velocipede]], a precursor of the bicycle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 29, 2005 |title=Brimstone and bicycles |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18524841-900-brimstone-and-bicycles/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US |archive-date=December 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215074641/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18524841-900-brimstone-and-bicycles/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The crop failures of the "Year without a Summer" may have shaped the settlement of the [[Midwestern United States]], as many thousands of people left New England for western New York and the [[Northwest Territory]] in search of a more hospitable climate, richer soil, and better growing conditions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nettels |first=Curtis |title=The Emergence of a National Economy |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1977 |isbn=0-87332-096-4 |location=White Plains, New York |language=en-us}}</ref> [[Indiana]] became a state in December 1816, and [[Illinois]] did two years later. British historian [[Lawrence Goldman]] has suggested that migration into the [[burned-over district]] of upstate New York was responsible for centering the [[Abolitionism|abolitionist movement]] in that region.<ref name="bragg">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b077j4yv |title=1816, the Year Without a Summer |work=[[In Our Time (radio series)]] |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |date=April 21, 2016 |access-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421181938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b077j4yv |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to historian L. D. Stillwell, [[Vermont]] alone experienced a decrease in population of between 10,000 and 15,000 in 1816 and 1817, erasing seven previous years of population growth.<ref name="EvansRobert" /> Among those who left Vermont were the family of [[Joseph Smith]], who moved from [[Norwich, Vermont]], to [[Palmyra, New York]].<ref name="js_reasontomove">{{cite web|url=http://www.lds.org/churchhistory/presidents/controllers/potcController.jsp?leader=1&topic=events |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828212044/http://www.lds.org/churchhistory/presidents/controllers/potcController.jsp?leader=1&topic=events |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 28, 2004 |title=Joseph Smith Jr. – Significant Events |publisher=Lds.org |access-date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> This move precipitated the series of events that culminated in Smith founding [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].<ref name="Discovery Channel"/>

In June 1816, "incessant rainfall" during the "wet, ungenial summer" forced [[Mary Shelley]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marshall |first=Alan |date=January 24, 2020 |title=Did a volcanic eruption in Indonesia really lead to the creation of Frankenstein? |url=http://theconversation.com/did-a-volcanic-eruption-in-indonesia-really-lead-to-the-creation-of-frankenstein-130212 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217011514/http://theconversation.com/did-a-volcanic-eruption-in-indonesia-really-lead-to-the-creation-of-frankenstein-130212 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], [[Lord Byron]], [[John William Polidori]], and their friends to stay indoors at [[Villa Diodati]] for much of their Swiss holiday.<ref name="bragg" /><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/opinion/31deltoro.html Why Vampires Never Die]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203122126/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/31/opinion/31deltoro.html|date=February 3, 2017}} by [[Chuck Hogan]] and [[Guillermo del Toro]], ''[[The New York Times]],'' July 30, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2015</ref><ref name=":4" /> Inspired by a [[Fantasmagoriana|collection of German ghost stories]] that they had read, Lord Byron proposed a contest to see who could write the scariest story, leading Shelley to write ''[[Frankenstein]]''<ref name=":4" /> and [[Lord Byron]] to write "[[Fragment of a Novel|A Fragment]]", which Polidori later used as inspiration for ''[[The Vampyre]]''<ref name=":4">{{cite book | last =Shelley | first =Mary | author-link =Mary Shelley | title =Frankenstein | publisher =Random House | pages =xv–xvi | isbn =0-679-60059-0| year =1993 }}</ref> – a precursor to ''[[Dracula]]''. These days inside Villa Diodati, remembered fondly by Mary Shelley,<ref name=":4" /> were occupied by [[opium]] use and intellectual conversations.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Polidori |first=John William |title=The Diary of Dr. John William Polidori |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/55017/55017-h/55017-h.htm |access-date=2020-05-31 |website=www.gutenberg.org |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222084001/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/55017/55017-h/55017-h.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> After listening intently to one of these conversations, she awoke with the image of Victor Frankenstein kneeling over his monstrous creation, and thus was inspired to write ''Frankenstein''.<ref name=":4" /> Lord Byron was inspired to write the poem "[[Darkness (poem)|Darkness]]" by a single day when "the fowls all went to roost at noon and candles had to be lit as at midnight".<ref name=bragg/> The imagery in the poem is starkly similar to the conditions of the Year Without a Summer:<ref>{{Citation |last=Byron |first=George Gordon Noel Byron, sixth Bar |title=301 Darkness |date=December 5, 1816 |work=Lord Byron: The Complete Poetical Works |volume=4 |pages=41–460 |editor1-last=McGann |editor1-first=Jerome J. |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oseo/instance.00072952 |isbn=978-0-19-812756-7}}.</ref>

{{Poem quote|I had a dream, which was not all a dream.
The bright sun was extinguish'd, and the stars
Did wander darkling in the eternal space,
Rayless, and pathless, and the icy earth
Swung blind and blackening in the moonless air;
Morn came and went—and came, and brought no day}}

[[Justus von Liebig]], a chemist who had experienced the famine as a child in [[Darmstadt]], later studied plant nutrition and introduced mineral [[fertilizer]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Post |first=John D. |title=The last great subsistence crisis in the western world |date=1977 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Pr |isbn=978-0-8018-1850-9 |location=Baltimore}}</ref>