Editing World Trade Center site (section)

==Planning for the new World Trade Center==
{{Main|World Trade Center (2001–present)}}
[[File:Remarks from Ground Zero September 14, 2001.webm|thumb|thumbtime=00:11|[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]] making remarks from "Ground Zero" on September 14, 2001]]
Soon after the September 11 attacks, [[Mayor of New York City|Mayor]] [[Rudy Giuliani]], [[List of Governors of New York|Governor]] [[George Pataki]], and President [[George W. Bush]] vowed to rebuild the World Trade Center site. On the day of the attacks, Giuliani proclaimed, "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html |title=Rebuilding in New York |date=September 26, 2001 |author=Taylor, Tess |magazine=Architecture Week |access-date=May 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511012010/http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0926/today.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In a later address before [[United States Congress|Congress]], the president declared, "As a symbol of America's resolve, my administration will work with Congress, and these two leaders, to show the world that we will rebuild New York City."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |title=Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People |publisher=The White House |date=September 20, 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225062850/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html |archive-date=February 25, 2008}}</ref> The immediate response from World Trade Center leaseholder [[Larry Silverstein]] was that "it would be the tragedy of tragedies not to rebuild this part of New York. It would give the terrorists the victory they seek."<ref>{{cite news |title=In place of the Trade Center; Ideas range from building new towers to playground |author=Litt, Steven |publisher=Plain Dealer (Cleveland) |date=September 17, 2001}}</ref> However, by 2011, only one building, [[7 World Trade Center]], had been rebuilt. The buildings that have been rebuilt as of June 2018 include 7 World Trade Center, [[One World Trade Center]], [[4 World Trade Center]], and [[3 World Trade Center]]. The original twin towers took less than three years from start of construction to be finished and five years from the beginning planning stages. However, given the complexity and highly political nature of the rebuilding efforts, they are often cited as an example of a successful public-private collaboration and are taught as a case study in successful negotiations.<ref>Cornell Real Estate Review, Volume 10, Number 1 (July 2012), 39-53, http://cip.cornell.edu/cpre.crer/1342144023; http://www.cornell.edu/video/?videoID=1680</ref>

===Early proposals for redesign===
{{New World Trade Center}}

====Lower Manhattan Development Corporation====
Governor Pataki established the [[Lower Manhattan Development Corporation]] (LMDC) in November 2001, as an official commission to oversee the rebuilding process.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pérez-Peña |first=Richard |title=A Nation Challenged: Downtown; State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 3, 2001 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFD81639F930A35752C1A9679C8B63 |access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref> The LMDC coordinates [[Federal government of the United States|federal]] assistance in the rebuilding process, and works with the PANYNJ, Larry Silverstein, and [[Studio Daniel Libeskind]], the master plan architect for the site's redesign. The corporation also handles communication with the local community, businesses, the city of New York, and relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Corporation to Rebuild Ground Zero |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/04/opinion/a-corporation-to-rebuild-ground-zero.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 4, 2001 |access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref> A 16-member board of directors, half appointed by the governor and half by the mayor of New York, governs the LMDC.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Governor and Mayor Name Lower Manhattan Redevelopment Corporation |publisher=www.RenewNYC.org |date=November 29, 2001 |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=2b0bfde6-61b6-48f9-a6ca-70475846c95b |access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref>

The LMDC had questionable legal status regarding the restoration of the World Trade Center site, because the Port Authority owns most of the property and Larry Silverstein leased the World Trade Center's office space in July 2001. But the LMDC, in an April 2002 articulation of its principles for action, asserted its role in revitalizing lower Manhattan.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Principles for Development and Blueprint for Renewal for World Trade Center Site |publisher=www.RenewNYC.org |date=April 9, 2002 |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=112d53af-0d20-44ec-89d7-23f397b5a569 |access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref>

====Directly after the attacks====
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:New wtc.jpg|thumb|Artist's rendering of proposed design with September 11 Memorial in the foreground]] -->
In the months following the attacks, [[architect]]s and [[urban planning]] experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Up From The Ashes |magazine=Newsweek |date=November 12, 2001 |author=McGuigan, Cathleen}}</ref> In January 2002, New York City [[art dealer]] [[Max Protetch]] solicited 50 concepts and [[Rendering (computer graphics)|renderings]] from artists and architects, which were put on exhibit in his [[Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea]] [[art gallery]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Everyone Weighs In With Rebuilding Ideas |first=Edward |last=Wyatt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/12/nyregion/ground-zero-the-proposals-everyone-weighs-in-with-rebuilding-ideas.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 11, 2002 |access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref>

In April 2002, the LMDC sent out requests for proposals to redesign the World Trade Center site to 24 Manhattan architecture firms, but then soon withdrew them. The following month, the LMDC selected [[Beyer Blinder Belle]] as planner for the redesign of the World Trade Center site.<ref>{{cite news |title=An Appraisal; Marginal Role for Architecture at Ground Zero |first=Herbert |last=Muschamp |author-link=Herbert Muschamp |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404EEDB1E38F930A15756C0A9649C8B63 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 23, 2002 |access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref>

On July 16, 2002, Beyer Blinder Belle unveiled six concepts for redesigning the World Trade Center site.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Port Authority and Lower Manhattan Developent (sic) Corporation Unveil Six Concepts Plans for World Trade Center Site, Adjacent Areas and Related Transportation |publisher=www.RenewNYC.org |date=July 16, 2002 |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=b3aa6fb4-ebb6-48e3-ba62-c92bce75a647 |access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref> All six designs were voted "poor" by the roughly 5,000 New Yorkers that submitted feedback, so the LDMC announced a new, international, open-design study.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation and New York New Visions Announce Panel to Help Select Teams to Participate in Design Study of World Trade Center Site and Surrounding Areas |publisher=www.RenewNYC.org |date=September 17, 2002 |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=633a746a-8f04-40ea-85aa-4f58639a2d20 |access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref>

====2002 World Trade Center site design competition====
{{multiple image
 | direction = horizontal
 | width     = 200
 | header    = World Trade Center site layout
 | image1    = WTC Building Arrangement and Site Plan.svg
 | alt1      = WTC site plan prior to November 9, 2001
 | caption1  = Above: The World Trade Center site prior to the September 11 attacks.
 | image2    = WTC Building Arrangement in preliminary site plan.svg
 | alt2      = WTC site plan for reconstruction, WTC 1,4 and 7 are completed.
 | caption2  = Above: Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild.
 | footer    = [{{filepath:WTC_Building_Arrangement_and_Site_Plan_comparison.svg}} Comparison (background: pre-9/11, blue overlay: planned rebuild)]
}}
In an August 2002 press release, the LMDC announced a design study for the World Trade Center site.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Design Study for World Trade Center Site and Surrounding Areas |publisher=www.RenewNYC.org |date=August 14, 2002 |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=da800006-c35b-4f1c-a9ec-ff53cfe45ae2 |access-date=August 7, 2008}}</ref> The following month, the LMDC, along with New York New Visions – a coalition of 21 architecture, engineering, planning, landscape architecture and design organizations – announced seven semifinalists. The following seven architecture firms were then invited to compete to be the master plan architect for the World Trade Center:
* [[Foster and Partners]] ([[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]])
* [[Studio Daniel Libeskind]] ([[Daniel Libeskind]])
* Meier Eisenman Gwathmey Holl ([[Peter Eisenman]], [[Richard Meier]], [[Charles Gwathmey]] and [[Steven Holl]]), known as "[[The New York Five]]"
* [[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill]]
* [[THINK Team]] ([[Shigeru Ban]], [[Frederic Schwartz]], [[Ken Smith (architect)|Ken Smith]], [[Rafael Viñoly]])
* United Architects
Peterson Littenberg, a small New York architecture firm, had been enlisted by the LMDC earlier that summer as a consultant, and was invited to participate as the seventh semifinalist.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Announces Six Teams of Architects and Planners to Participate in Design Study of World Trade Center Site |publisher=www.RenewNYC.org |date=September 26, 2002 |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=655798f4-b8ee-4583-bf27-b3b9a9c29f1f |access-date=June 16, 2008}}</ref>

The seven semifinalists presented their entries to the public on December 18, 2002, at the [[Winter Garden Atrium|Winter Garden]] of the [[Brookfield Place (New York City)|World Financial Center]]. In the following weeks, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill withdrew its entry from the competition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Beauty Contest: Two Firms Vie At W.T.C. Site |first=Tom |last=McGeveran |url=http://www.observer.com/node/47085 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913151648/http://www.observer.com/node/47085 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 13, 2010 |newspaper=[[The New York Observer]] |date=February 9, 2003 |access-date=July 31, 2010}}</ref>

Days before the announcement of the two finalists in February 2003, Larry Silverstein wrote to LMDC Chair [[John C. Whitehead|John Whitehead]] to express his disapproval of all of the semifinalists' designs. As the Twin Towers' insurance money recipient, Silverstein claimed that he had the sole right to decide what would be built. He announced that he had already picked Skidmore, Owings & Merrill as his master planner for the site.<ref name=breakingground>{{cite book |last=Libeskind |first=Daniel |title=Breaking Ground |publisher=[[Riverhead Books]] |location=New York |year=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/breakinggroundad00libe/page/164 164, 166, 181, 183] |isbn=1-57322-292-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/breakinggroundad00libe/page/164}}</ref>

On February 1, 2003, the LMDC selected two finalists, the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind, and planned on picking a single winner by the end of the month. Rafael Viñoly of the THINK Team and Studio Daniel Libeskind presented their designs to the LMDC, which selected the THINK design. Earlier the same day, however, [[Roland Betts]], a member of the LMDC, had called a meeting and the corporation had agreed to vote for the THINK design before hearing the final presentations. Governor Pataki, who had originally commissioned the LMDC, intervened and overruled the LMDC's decision.<ref name=breakingground /> On February 27, 2003, Studio Daniel Libeskind officially won the competition to be the master planner for the World Trade Center redesign.

Libeskind's original proposal, which is titled [[Memory Foundations]], underwent extensive revisions during collaboration with Larry Silverstein, and Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whom Silverstein hired.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/new_design_plans/Sept_2003_refined_design.asp |title=Lower Manhattan Development Corporation |website=www.renewnyc.com|access-date=August 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416100733/http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/wtc_site/new_design_plans/Sept_2003_refined_design.asp|archive-date=April 16, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Though Libeskind designed the site, the individual buildings have been designed by different architects. While not all of Liebeskind's ideas were incorporated into the final design, his design and the public support it garnered did solidify the principle that the original footprints of the Twin Towers should be turned into a memorial and not be used for commercial purposes.  As a result, Liebeskind's lawyers at the New York firm of Wachtell Lipton embarked on the multi-year negotiation process to frame a master plan for the rebuilding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/news/Silversteins-Army |title=Silverstein's Army – World Trade Center |website=www.wtc.com}}</ref>  The first step in this process, completed in 2003, was the "swap" in which Silverstein gave up his rights to the footprints of the Twin Towers so that they could become a memorial, and in exchange received the right to build five new office towers around the memorial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanlawyer-digital.com/americanlawyer/tal200709/?pg=5 |title=Error |website=www.americanlawyer-digital.com |url-access=subscription |page=5 |access-date=October 6, 2011 |archive-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406092831/http://www.americanlawyer-digital.com/americanlawyer/tal200709/?pg=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  The "swap" and the ensuing negotiations, which lasted for many years, have been referred to as the most complex real estate transaction in human history because of the complexity of the issues involved, the many stakeholders, and the difficulty of reaching consensus.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Scott |last=Raab |title=Construction of World Trade Center |magazine=Esquire |date=May 24, 2007}}</ref>

===Criticism of progress===
An episode of [[CBS]]'s ''60 Minutes'' in 2010 focused on the lack of progress at Ground Zero, particularly on the lack of completion dates for a majority of the buildings, the main tower, [[One World Trade Center]] (previously known as the Freedom Tower)'s having undergone three different designs, and the delays and monetary expense involved.  Investor [[Larry Silverstein]] said the Port Authority's estimated completion date for the entire site was 2037, and billions of dollars had already been spent on the project, even though Ground Zero "is still a hole in the ground". During an interview for the episode, Larry Silverstein said: "I am the most frustrated person in the world...I'm seventy-eight years of age; I want to see this thing done in my lifetime".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/18/60minutes/main6220282.shtml |title=Developer: Ground Zero a National Disgrace – 60 Minutes: Eight Years and Billions of Dollars Later, Part of 9/11 Site is Still Just a Big Hole |publisher=CBS News |date=February 18, 2010 |page=1 |access-date=January 4, 2012 |archive-date=June 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615073056/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/02/18/60minutes/main6220282.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>  However, it was noted that in early 2011, all five office towers of the World Trade Center had begun construction.

The social center of the old World Trade Center included a spectacular restaurant on the 107th Floor, called [[Windows on the World]], and its Greatest Bar in the World; these were tourist attractions in their own right, and a social gathering spot for people who worked in the towers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ny.eater.com/2013/9/11/6547477/windows-on-the-world-new-yorks-sky-high-restaurant |title=Windows on the World, New York's Sky-High Restaurant |first=Greg |last=Morabito |date=September 11, 2013 |website=Eater NY}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/02/world-trade-center-observatory-views-photos_n_3001052.html |work=Huffington Post |title=PHOTOS: The Stunning Views Atop One World Trade Center |date=April 2, 2013}}</ref> This restaurant also housed one of the most prestigious wine schools in the United States, called "Windows on the World Wine School", run by wine personality [[Kevin Zraly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/food-for-men/windows-on-the-world-september-11 |title=Cocktails Before the Collapse |date=September 10, 2016 |website=esquire.com}}</ref> Despite numerous assurances that these local landmarks and global attractions would be rebuilt,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20010917/SUB/109170715# |title=Owner vows to reopen Windows On The World |publisher=Crain's New York |date=September 17, 2001 |author=Louise Kramer|access-date=July 23, 2017}}</ref> the Port Authority scrapped plans to rebuild these WTC attractions, which has outraged some observers.<ref>{{cite news |journal=Gothamist |date=March 8, 2011 |title=WTC Scraps Windows on the World Plan |url=http://gothamist.com/2011/03/08/wtc_scraps_windows_on_the_world_pla.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313083936/http://gothamist.com/2011/03/08/wtc_scraps_windows_on_the_world_pla.php |archive-date=March 13, 2013}}</ref>