Editing Western imperialism in Asia (section)

===Holy wars===
The arrival of the Portuguese and Spanish and their holy wars against Muslim states in the [[Malayan–Portuguese war]], [[Spanish–Moro conflict]] and [[Castilian War]] inflamed religious tensions and turned Southeast Asia into an arena of conflict between Muslims and Christians. The Brunei Sultanate's capital at Kota Batu was assaulted by Governor Sande who led the 1578 Spanish attack.<ref>{{cite book|title=Philippine Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zphuAAAAMAAJ&q=The+arrival+of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+Philippines+in+force+in+the+sixteenth+century+initiated+the+same+kind+of+...|year=1986|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|page=260}}</ref>

The word "savages" in Spanish, cafres, was from the word "infidel" in Arabic - Kafir, and was used by the Spanish to refer to their own "Christian savages" who were arrested in Brunei.<ref>{{cite book|title=Brunei Museum journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ASIAAAAIAAJ&q=brunei+kafir+spanish|year=1985|page=67|last1 = Brunei|first1 = Muzium}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Brunei Museum Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7RwAAAAMAAJ&q=brunei+kafir+spanish|year=1986|publisher=The Museum|page=67}}</ref> It was said ''Castilians are kafir, men who have no souls, who are condemned by fire when they die, and that too because they eat pork'' by the Brunei Sultan after the term ''accursed doctrine'' was used to attack Islam by the Spaniards which fed into hatred between Muslims and Christians sparked by their 1571 war against Brunei.<ref name="AndayaAndaya2015">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Watson Andaya|author2=Leonard Y. Andaya|title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rh2BgAAQBAJ&q=brunei+kafir+spanish&pg=PA145|date=19 February 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88992-6|pages=145–}}</ref> The Sultan's words were in response to insults coming from the Spanish at Manila in 1578, other Muslims from Champa, Java, Borneo, Luzon, Pahang, Demak, Aceh, and the Malays echoed the rhetoric of holy war against the Spanish and Iberian Portuguese, calling them kafir enemies which was a contrast to their earlier nuanced views of the Portuguese in the Hikayat Tanah Hitu and Sejarah Melayu.<ref name="Reid1993">{{cite book|author=Anthony Reid|title=Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Expansion and crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxgHExnla4MC&q=brunei+kafir+spanish&pg=PA148|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05412-5|pages=148–}}</ref><ref name="Reid1993 2">{{cite book|author=Anthony Reid|title=Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h2SSpt4YuKwC&q=brunei+kafir+spanish&pg=PA166|year=1993|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-8093-0|pages=166–}}</ref> The war by Spain against Brunei was defended in an apologia written by Doctor De Sande.<ref name="Nicholl1975">{{cite book|author=Robert Nicholl|title=European Sources for the History of the Sultanate of Brunei in the 16th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmweAAAAMAAJ&q=brunei+kafir+spanish|year=1975|publisher=Muzium Brunei|page=43}}</ref> The British eventually partitioned and took over Brunei while Sulu was attacked by the British, Americans, and Spanish which caused its breakdown and downfall after both of them thrived from 1500 to 1900 for four centuries.<ref name="CasiñoCasiño1976">{{cite book|author1=Eric Casiño|author2=Eric S. Casiño|title=The Jama Mapun: a changing Samal society in the southern Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2P0eAAAAMAAJ&q=brunei+kafir+spanish|year=1976|publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press|page=30|isbn=9780686094326}}</ref> Dar al-Islam was seen as under invasion by "kafirs" by the Atjehnese led by Zayn al-din and by Muslims in the Philippines as they saw the Spanish invasion, since the Spanish brought the idea of a crusader holy war against Muslim Moros just as the Portuguese did in Indonesia and India against what they called "Moors" in their political and commercial conquests which they saw through the lens of religion in the 16th century.<ref name="Dale1980">{{cite book|author=Stephen Frederic Dale|title=Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: The Māppiḷas of Malabar, 1498-1922|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22JuAAAAMAAJ&q=brunei+kafir+spanish|year=1980|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-821571-4|page=58}}</ref>

In 1578, an attack was launched by the Spanish against Jolo, and in 1875 it was destroyed at their hands, and once again in 1974 it was destroyed by the Philippines.<ref name="Ooi2004">{{cite book |author=Ooi |first=Keat Gin |author-link=Keat Gin Ooi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&q=brunei+kafir+spanish&pg=PA1705 |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |date=1 January 2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |pages=1705–}}</ref> The Spanish first set foot on Borneo in Brunei.<ref name="Ober1907">{{cite book|author=Frederick Albion Ober|title=Ferdinand Magellan|url=https://archive.org/details/ferdinandmagella00ober|quote=brunei kafir spanish.|year=1907|publisher=Harper and brothers|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ferdinandmagella00ober/page/295 295]–}}</ref>

The Spanish war against Brunei failed to conquer Brunei but it totally cut off the Philippines from Brunei's influence, the Spanish then started colonizing Mindanao and building fortresses. In response, the Bisayas, where Spanish forces were stationed, were subjected to retaliatory attacks by the Magindanao in 1599-1600 due to the Spanish attacks on Mindanao.<ref>{{cite book|title=Filipino Heritage: The Spanish colonial period (16th century)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sYRAQAAMAAJ&q=The+arrival+of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+Philippines+in+force+in+the+sixteenth+century+initiated+the+same+kind+of+...|year=1977|publisher=Lahing Pilipino Pub.|location=Manila|page=1083}}</ref>

The Brunei royal family was related to the Muslim Rajahs who in ruled the principality in 1570 of Manila ([[Kingdom of Maynila]]) and this was what the Spaniards came across on their initial arrival to Manila, Spain uprooted Islam out of areas where it was shallow after they began to force Christianity on the Philippines in their conquests after 1521 while Islam was already widespread in the 16th century Philippines.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Criterion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlMkAQAAIAAJ&q=The+arrival+of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+Philippines+in+force+in+the+sixteenth+century+initiated+the+same+kind+of+...|year=1971|publisher=K.Siddique|page=51}}</ref> In the Philippines in the Cebu islands the natives killed the Spanish fleet leader Magellan. Borneo's western coastal areas at Landak, Sukadana, and Sambas saw the growth of Muslim states in the sixteenth century, in the 15th century at Nanking, the capital of China, the death and burial of the Borneo Bruneian king Maharaja Kama took place upon his visit to China with Zheng He's fleet.<ref name="Payne2000">{{cite book|author=Junaidi Payne|title=This is Borneo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zPhvAAAAMAAJ&q=The+arrival+of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+Philippines+in+force+in+the+sixteenth+century+initiated+the+same+kind+of+...|year=2000|publisher=New Holland|isbn=978-1-85974-106-1|page=28}}</ref>

The Spanish were expelled from Brunei in 1579 after they attacked in 1578.<ref name="RingSalkin1994">{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Robert M. Salkin|author3=Sharon La Boda|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&q=1599+spanish+cambodia+malay&pg=PA158|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6|pages=158–}}</ref><ref name="RingWatson2012">{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Noelle Watson|author3=Paul Schellinger|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&q=1599+spanish+cambodia+malay&pg=PA158|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-63979-1|pages=158–}}</ref> There were fifty thousand inhabitants before the 1597 attack by the Spanish in Brunei.<ref name="Tarling1999">{{cite book|author=Nicholas Tarling|author-link=Nicholas Tarling|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&q=1599+spanish+cambodia+malay&pg=PA129|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66370-0|pages=129–}}</ref><ref name="Tarling1999 2">{{cite book|author=Nicholas Tarling|title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&q=1599+spanish+cambodia+malay&pg=PA129|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-66370-0|pages=129–}}</ref>

During first contact with China, numerous aggressions and provocations were undertaken by the Portuguese<ref name="Zhang1934">{{cite book|author=Tianze Zhang|title=Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AAVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA48|year=1934|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=48–|id=GGKEY:0671BSWDRPY}}</ref><ref name="Zhang1934 2">{{cite book|author=Tianze Zhang|title=Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnUaAAAAMAAJ&q=behavior+abhorred|year=1934|publisher=Late E. J. Brill Limited|page=48}}</ref> They believed they could mistreat the non-Christians because they themselves were Christians and acted in the name of their religion in committing crimes and atrocities.<ref name="Zhang1934 3">{{cite book|author=Tianze Zhang|title=Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AAVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA67|year=1934|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=67–|id=GGKEY:0671BSWDRPY}}</ref><ref name="Zhang1934 4">{{cite book|author=Tianze Zhang|title=Sino-Portuguese Trade from 1514 to 1644: A Synthesis of Portuguese and Chinese Sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnUaAAAAMAAJ&q=Christian+heathens|year=1934|publisher=Late E. J. Brill Limited|page=67}}</ref> This resulted in the [[Battle of Xicaowan]] where the local Chinese navy defeated and captured a fleet of Portuguese caravels.