Editing Waterloo, Iowa (section)

== Geography ==
[[File:IAMap-doton-Waterloo.PNG|right|175px|Location of Waterloo, Iowa]]

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|63.23|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|61.39|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|1.84|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=May 11, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=July 2, 2012 }}</ref>

The average elevation of Waterloo is 846 feet above sea level. The population density is 1101 people per square mile, considered low for an urban area.<ref name="citydatawaterloo">{{cite web|url= http://www.city-data.com/city/Waterloo-Iowa.html|title=City Data website|publisher=Waterloo-Iowa|access-date=November 24, 2010}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Waterloo has a [[humid continental climate]] zone ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]] ''Dfa''),<ref name = koppen>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kottek | first1 = M. | last2 = Grieser | first2 = J. R. | last3 = Beck | first3 = C. | last4 = Rudolf | first4 = B. | last5 = Rubel | first5 = F. | title = World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated | doi = 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 | journal = Meteorol. Z. | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 259–263 | year = 2006 | url = http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf| bibcode = 2006MetZe..15..259K }}</ref> typical of the state of Iowa, and is part of [[USDA]] Plant [[Hardiness zone]] 5a.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/# |title = USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map |publisher = USDA/Agricultural Research Center, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University |access-date = 2016-09-12 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032333/http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |archive-date = February 27, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from {{convert|18.5|F}} in January to {{convert|73.6|F}} in July. On average, there are 22&nbsp;nights annually with a low at or below {{convert|0|F}}, 58&nbsp;days annually with a high at or below freezing, and 16&nbsp;days with a high at or above {{convert|90|F}}. As the mean first and last occurrence of freezing temperatures is October&nbsp;1 and April&nbsp;29, respectively, this allows for a growing season of 154 days. Temperature records range from {{convert|-34|F}} on March 1, 1962, and January 16, 2009, up to {{convert|112|F}} on July 13 and 14, 1936, during the [[Dust Bowl]]. The record cold daily maximum is {{convert|-16|F}} on February 2, 1996, while conversely the record warm daily minimum is {{convert|80|F}} on July 31, 1917, and August 16, 1988.<ref name= NOAA/>

[[File:Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020) - Waterloo Area, IA(ThreadEx).svg|thumb|right|Climate chart for Waterloo]]
Normal annual precipitation equivalent is {{convert|34.60|in|mm|0}} spread over an average of 112&nbsp;days, with heavier rainfall in spring and summer, but observed annual rainfall has ranged from {{convert|17.35|to|53.07|in|mm|0}} in 1910 and 1993, respectively. The wettest month on record is July 1999 with {{convert|12.82|in|mm|0}}; on the 2nd of that month, {{convert|5.49|in|mm|0}} of rain fell, making for the heaviest rainfall in a single calendar day. The driest months are October 1952 and November 1954 with trace amounts in each month.<ref name= NOAA/>

Winter snowfall is moderate, and averages {{convert|35.3|in|cm|0}} per season, spread over an average of 27&nbsp;days, and snow cover of {{convert|1|in|cm}} or more is seen on 67&nbsp;days, mostly from December to March. Winter snowfall has ranged from {{convert|11.6|in|cm|1}} in 1967–68 to {{convert|68.5|in|cm|1}} in 1904–05. The most snow in a calendar day and month is {{convert|13.2|and|33.9|in|cm|1}} on January 3, 1971, and in December 2000, respectively.<ref name= NOAA/>

{{Weather box
|location = [[Waterloo Regional Airport]] (1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1895–present)
|single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
|Jan record high F = 65
|Feb record high F = 78
|Mar record high F = 87
|Apr record high F = 100
|May record high F = 108
|Jun record high F = 107
|Jul record high F = 112
|Aug record high F = 110
|Sep record high F = 102
|Oct record high F = 95
|Nov record high F = 83
|Dec record high F = 74
|year record high F =
|Jan avg record high F = 47.5
|Feb avg record high F = 51.7
|Mar avg record high F = 70.5
|Apr avg record high F = 82.7
|May avg record high F = 88.8
|Jun avg record high F = 93.3
|Jul avg record high F = 94.3
|Aug avg record high F = 91.7
|Sep avg record high F = 90.6
|Oct avg record high F = 82.9
|Nov avg record high F = 67.5
|Dec avg record high F = 51.5
|year avg record high F = 95.9
|Jan high F = 28.2
|Feb high F = 32.6
|Mar high F = 46.5
|Apr high F = 60.9
|May high F = 72.8
|Jun high F = 82.2
|Jul high F = 85.0
|Aug high F = 82.9
|Sep high F = 76.8
|Oct high F = 63.0
|Nov high F = 47.1
|Dec high F = 33.7
|year high F = 59.3
|Jan mean F = 19.4
|Feb mean F = 23.9
|Mar mean F = 36.7
|Apr mean F = 49.4
|May mean F = 61.5
|Jun mean F = 71.5
|Jul mean F = 74.5
|Aug mean F = 71.9
|Sep mean F = 64.6
|Oct mean F = 51.6
|Nov mean F = 37.4
|Dec mean F = 25.3
|year mean F = 49.0
|Jan low F = 10.7
|Feb low F = 15.2
|Mar low F = 26.9
|Apr low F = 37.9
|May low F = 50.2
|Jun low F = 60.8
|Jul low F = 64.0
|Aug low F = 61.0
|Sep low F = 52.4
|Oct low F = 40.2
|Nov low F = 27.7
|Dec low F = 17.0
|year low F = 38.7
|Jan avg record low F = -16.0
|Feb avg record low F = -9.8
|Mar avg record low F = 2.2
|Apr avg record low F = 20.4
|May avg record low F = 32.9
|Jun avg record low F = 45.7
|Jul avg record low F = 51.2
|Aug avg record low F = 48.2
|Sep avg record low F = 34.7
|Oct avg record low F = 21.5
|Nov avg record low F = 7.9
|Dec avg record low F = -7.3
|year avg record low F = -19.6
|Jan record low F = −34
|Feb record low F = −31
|Mar record low F = -34
|Apr record low F = -4
|May record low F = 22
|Jun record low F = 33
|Jul record low F = 42
|Aug record low F = 33
|Sep record low F = 19
|Oct record low F = 0
|Nov record low F = -17
|Dec record low F = −29
|year record low F =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 1.10
|Feb precipitation inch = 1.14
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.98
|Apr precipitation inch = 4.04
|May precipitation inch = 4.61
|Jun precipitation inch = 5.72
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.34
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.17
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.14
|Oct precipitation inch = 2.76
|Nov precipitation inch = 1.85
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.44
|year precipitation inch = 36.29
|Jan snow inch = 10.1
|Feb snow inch = 9.3
|Mar snow inch = 4.6
|Apr snow inch = 1.7
|May snow inch = 0.1
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.3
|Nov snow inch = 3.1
|Dec snow inch = 9.9
|year snow inch = 39.1
|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 8.1
|Feb precipitation days = 8.0
|Mar precipitation days = 10.1
|Apr precipitation days = 11.5
|May precipitation days = 12.9
|Jun precipitation days = 11.8
|Jul precipitation days = 8.9
|Aug precipitation days = 8.8
|Sep precipitation days = 8.7
|Oct precipitation days = 8.5
|Nov precipitation days = 8.1
|Dec precipitation days = 8.4
|year precipitation days = 113.8
|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 6.8
|Feb snow days = 6.3
|Mar snow days = 3.2
|Apr snow days = 1.1
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.4
|Nov snow days = 2.5
|Dec snow days = 6.2
|year snow days = 26.6
|humidity colour = green
|Jan humidity = 73.0
|Feb humidity = 73.8
|Mar humidity = 72.7
|Apr humidity = 66.4
|May humidity = 65.7
|Jun humidity = 67.7
|Jul humidity = 71.9
|Aug humidity = 73.7
|Sep humidity = 73.7
|Oct humidity = 69.9
|Nov humidity = 74.8
|Dec humidity = 77.2
|year humidity = 71.8
|Jan dew point C = -10.0
|Feb dew point C = -7.3
|Mar dew point C = -0.9
|Apr dew point C = 5.6
|May dew point C = 11.6
|Jun dew point C = 16.7
|Jul dew point C = 19.1
|Aug dew point C = 17.8
|Sep dew point C = 13.4
|Oct dew point C = 7.2
|Nov dew point C = 0.4
|Dec dew point C = -6.9
|source 1 = [[NOAA]] (relative humidity and dew point 1961–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
|url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=dmx
|title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = June 26, 2021
|archive-date = May 30, 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210530014237/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=dmx
|url-status = dead
}}</ref><ref name ="NCDC txt KALO">
{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094910&format=pdf
|title = Station: Waterloo Muni AP, IA
|work = U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991–2020)
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = June 26, 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240610111100/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00094910&format=pdf
|archive-date = 2024-06-10}}</ref><ref name = "WMO 1961–90 KALO">
{{cite web 
|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72548.TXT 
|title = WMO Climate Normals for WATERLOO/WSO AP IA 1961–1990 
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 
|access-date = September 12, 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240610100945/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72548.TXT
|archive-date = 2024-06-10}}</ref>
}}