Editing Warren Sturgis McCulloch (section)

=== Control ===
McCulloch considered the problem of contradictory information and motives, which he called a "[[heterarchy]]" of motives, meaning that the motives are not linearly ordered, but can be ordered like <math>A > B > C > A</math>.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCulloch |first=Warren S. |date=June 1945 |title=A heterarchy of values determined by the topology of nervous nets |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02478457 |journal=The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=89–93 |doi=10.1007/BF02478457 |pmid=21006853 |issn=0007-4985}}</ref> He posited the concept of "poker chip" [[reticular formation]]s as to how the brain deals with contradictory information in a democratic, somatotopical neural network. Specifically, how the brain can commit the animal to a single course of action when the situation is ambiguous.

They designed a prototypic example neural network "RETIC", with "12 anastomatically coupled modules stacked in columnar array", which can switch between unambiguous stable modes based on ambiguous inputs.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

His principle of  "Redundancy of Potential Command"<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last1=Kilmer |first1=W. L. |title=Some Mechanisms for a Theory of the Reticular Formation |date=1968 |work=Systems Theory and Biology |pages=286–375 |editor-last=Mesarović |editor-first=M. D. |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-88343-9_14 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-88343-9_14 |isbn=978-3-642-88345-3 |last2=McCulloch |first2=W. S. |last3=Blum |first3=J.}}</ref> was developed by [[Heinz von Foerster|von Foerster]] and [[Gordon Pask|Pask]] in their study of [[self-organization]]<ref>"A Predictive Model for Self-Organizing Systems", Part I: Cybernetica 3, pp. 258–300; Part II: Cybernetica 4, pp. 20–55, 1961 [[Heinz von Foerster]] and [[Gordon Pask]]</ref> and by Pask in his [[Conversation Theory]] and [[Gordon Pask#Interactions of Actors Theory|Interactions of Actors Theory]].<ref name="Pask 1996">Gordon Pask (1996). ''Heinz von Foerster's Self-Organisation, the Progenitor of Conversation and Interaction Theories''</ref>