Editing War (section)

==Effects==
[[File:Wars-Long-Run-military-civilian-fatalities.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Global deaths in conflicts since the year 1400.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace/|title=War and Peace|last=Roser|first=Max|date=2017-11-15|journal=Our World in Data|access-date=2017-11-15|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116083027/https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]{{Main|Effects of war}}

===Conflict zones===
When a war takes place, one or more areas within a country or across border becomes a war zone or conflict zone. Daily life is interrupted, travel to or across the area may be difficult and international visitors may be advised to leave the area.<ref>[[Government of Canada]], [https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/stories-histoires/2024/2024-11-13-conflict-zone-conflit.aspx?lang=eng Travelling to or living in a conflict zone? Read on.], updated on 18 November 2024, accessed on 18 April 2025</ref>

===Casualties ===
[[File:War world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Disability-adjusted life year]] for war per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/gbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls |title=Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2004 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=28 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828123901/https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/gbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}
{{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}}
{{legend|#ffff65|less than 100}}
{{legend|#fff200|100–200}}
{{legend|#ffdc00|200–600}}
{{legend|#ffc600|600–1000}}
{{legend|#ffb000|1000–1400}}
{{legend|#ff9a00|1400–1800}}
{{legend|#ff8400|1800–2200}}
{{legend|#ff6e00|2200–2600}}
{{legend|#ff5800|2600–3000}}
{{legend|#ff4200|3000–8000}}
{{legend|#ff2c00|8000–8800}}
{{legend|#cb0000|more than 8800}}
{{div col end}}]]

Estimates for total deaths due to war vary widely. In one estimate, primitive warfare from 50,000 to 3000 BCE has been thought to have claimed 400{{nbsp}}million±133,000 victims based on the assumption that it accounted for the 15.1% of all deaths.<ref>Matthew White, [http://necrometrics.com/pre1700b.htm#Primitive 'Primitive War'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414061247/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700b.htm#Primitive |date=14 April 2013 }}</ref> [[Ian Morris (historian)|Ian Morris]] estimated that the rate could be as high as 20%.<ref>Morris, Ian (2012). "The evolution of war," ''Cliodynamics'', vol 3 (1): p 9, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</ref> Other scholars find the prehistoric percentage much lower, around 2%, similar to the Neanderthals and ancestors of apes and primates.<ref>Gómez, José María et al (Summer 2016). "The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence," ''Nature'', vol 538 (7624), https://www.uv.es/~verducam/HHL.pdf</ref> 

For the period 3000 BCE until 1991, estimates range from 151{{nbsp}}million <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eckhardt |first1=William |date=1991 |title=War-related deaths since 3000 BC. |url= |journal=Bulletin of Peace Proposals |volume= 22|issue=4 |pages=437–443 |doi= 10.1177/096701069102200410|s2cid=144946896 |access-date=}}, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=27e7fdb7d9b671cdcf999f3aab15cca8be25b163</ref> to several{{nbsp}}billion.<ref>[[Ian Morris (historian)|Morris, Ian]] (2012). "The evolution of war," ''Cliodynamics'', vol 3 (1): p 9-37, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</ref><ref>Morris, Ian (2014). ''War! What It Is Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots''. (Profile Books Limited), https://books.google.co.il/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ru&id=FbxXAgAAQBAJ&q=per+cent#v=snippet&q=per%20cent&f=fals</ref> The lowest estimate for history of 151 million was calculated by William Eckhardt. He explained his method as summing the recorded casualties and multiplying their average by the number of recorded battles or wars. This method excludes indirect deaths for premodern wars and all deaths for unrecorded wars. Few premodern wars were recorded beyond Eurasia and only 18 wars were recorded for period 3000 - 1500 BC worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eckhardt |first1=William |date=1991 |title=War-related deaths since 3000 BC. |url= |journal=Bulletin of Peace Proposals |volume= 22|issue=4 |pages=437–441 |doi= 10.1177/096701069102200410|s2cid=144946896 |access-date=}}, https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=27e7fdb7d9b671cdcf999f3aab15cca8be25b163</ref>  Later researches shifted from Eckhardt's approach to general estimations of the percentage of population killed by wars. [[Azar Gat]] and [[Ian Morris (historian)|Ian Morris]] both give the lowest estimate of 1% for history including all the 20th century,<ref>[[Azar Gat|Gat, Azar]] (2012). "Is war declining– and why?" ''Journal of Peace Research'', vol  50 (2): p 150, https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/podzim2015/MVZ208/um/Journal_of_Peace_Research-2013-Gat-149-57.pdf</ref><ref>[[Ian Morris (historian)|Morris, Ian]] (2012). "The evolution of war," ''Cliodynamics'', vol 3 (1): p 9-37, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</ref><ref>Morris, Ian (2014). ''War! What It Is Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots''. (Profile Books Limited), https://books.google.co.il/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ru&id=FbxXAgAAQBAJ&q=per+cent#v=snippet&q=per%20cent&f=false</ref> or about 1 billion.<ref>Haub, Carl (1995). "How many people have ever lived on earth?" ''Population Today'', vol 23 (2), p 4-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12288594/</ref> The highest estimates of both scholars exceed the famous "hoax" of 3,640,000,000 people killed in wars which circulated decades in scholarly literature in various countries.<ref>Jongman, B. & Dennen J. M. G. van der (2005). "The great 'war figures' hoax: An investigation in polemomythology," (University of Groningen), https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/148292168.pdf</ref> Gat gives 5%,<ref>[[Azar Gat|Gat, Azar]] (2012). "Is war declining– and why?" ''Journal of Peace Research'', vol  50 (2): p 150, https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/podzim2015/MVZ208/um/Journal_of_Peace_Research-2013-Gat-149-57.pdf</ref> or about 5 billion.<ref>Haub, Carl (1995). "How many people have ever lived on earth?" ''Population Today'', vol 23 (2), p 4-5, https://www.prb.org/articles/how-many-people-have-ever-lived-on-earth/</ref> Morris gives for the 20th century 2%, for 1400-1900 3% in Europe and "slightly higher" elsewhere, 5% for the ancient empires in 500 BC - AD 200, 10% for the rest of history and 20% for prehistory.<ref>[[Ian Morris (historian)|Morris, Ian]] (2012). "The evolution of war," ''Cliodynamics'', vol 3 (1): p 9-37, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jr9v920</ref><ref>Morris, Ian (2014). ''War! What It Is Good For? Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots''. (Profile Books Limited), https://books.google.co.il/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ru&id=FbxXAgAAQBAJ&q=per+cent#v=snippet&q=per%20cent&f=false</ref> His total for history is thus about 9 billion.<ref>Haub, Carl (1995). "How many people have ever lived on earth?" ''Population Today'', vol 23 (2), p 4-5, https://www.prb.org/articles/how-many-people-have-ever-lived-on-earth/</ref>

===Largest wars by death toll===
{{Main|List of wars by death toll|Outline of war#Wars|Casualty recording}}
The deadliest war in history, in terms of the cumulative number of deaths since its start, is [[World War II]], from 1939 to 1945, with 70–85&nbsp;million deaths, followed by the [[Mongol conquests]]<ref>*The Cambridge History of China: Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368, 1994, p. 622, cited by White
<br />*Matthew White (2011). ''The Great Big Book of Horrible Things: The Definitive Chronicle of History's 100 Worst Atrocities''.</ref> at up to 60&nbsp;million. As concerns a belligerent's losses in proportion to its prewar population, the most destructive war in [[modern history]] may have been the [[Paraguayan War]] (see [[Paraguayan War casualties]]). In 2013 war resulted in 31,000 deaths, down from 72,000 deaths in 1990.<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|collaboration= | first1= Christopher JL| last1 = Murray|first2=Theo|last2= Vos|first3=Alan D|last3= Lopez|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71}}</ref> 

War usually results in significant deterioration of infrastructure and the ecosystem, a decrease in social spending, [[famine]], large-scale emigration from the war zone, and often the mistreatment of [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] or civilians.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tanton|first1=John|title=The Social Contract|date=2002|page=42}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Moore|first1=John|title=The pursuit of happiness|date=1992|page=304}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Baxter|first1=Richard|title=Humanizing the Laws of War|date=2013|page=344}}</ref> For instance, of the nine million people who were on the territory of the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]] in 1941, some 1.6&nbsp;million were killed by the Germans in actions away from battlefields, including about 700,000 prisoners of war, 500,000 Jews, and 320,000 people counted as partisans (the vast majority of whom were unarmed civilians).<ref>Timothy Snyder, ''Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin'', Basic Books, 2010, p. 250.</ref> Another byproduct of some wars is the prevalence of [[propaganda]] by some or all parties in the conflict,<ref>''Dying and Death: Inter-disciplinary Perspectives''.  p. 153, Asa Kasher (2007)</ref> and increased revenues by [[weapons manufacturers]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chew|first1=Emry|title=Arming the Periphery|date=2012|page=49}}</ref>

Three of the ten most costly wars, in terms of loss of life, have been waged in the last century. These are the two World Wars, followed by the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (which is sometimes considered part of [[World War II]], or as overlapping). Most of the others involved China or neighboring peoples. The death toll of World War II, being over 60&nbsp;million, surpasses all other war-death-tolls.<ref name="users.erols">McFarlane, Alan: ''The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap'', Blackwell 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-631-18117-0}} – cited by [http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Manchu17c White] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220023849/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Manchu17c |date=20 December 2017 }}</ref>
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Deaths<br />(millions)
! Date
! War
|-
| {{right|70–85}} || 1939–1945 || [[World War II]] (see [[World War II casualties]])
|-
| {{right|60}} || 13th century || [[Mongol Empire|Mongol Conquests]] (see [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol invasions]] and [[Tatar invasions]])<ref>Ping-ti Ho, "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in ''Études Song'', Series 1, No 1, (1970) pp. 33–53.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Mongol |title=Mongol Conquests |publisher=Users.erols.com |access-date=2011-01-24 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220023849/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Mongol |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/articles/general/worst_massacres.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030517105614/http://www.globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/articles/general/worst_massacres.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 May 2003 |title=The world's worst massacres Whole Earth Review |access-date=2011-01-24 |year=1987 }}</ref>
|-
| {{right|40}} || 1850–1864 || [[Taiping Rebellion]] (see [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]])<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380148/Taiping |title=Taiping Rebellion – Britannica Concise |encyclopedia=Britannica |access-date=2011-01-24 |archive-date=15 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215124111/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380148/Taiping |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| {{right|36}} || 755–763 || [[An Lushan Rebellion]] (death toll uncertain)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#AnLushan |title=Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century |publisher=Users.erols.com |access-date=2011-01-24 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220023849/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#AnLushan |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{right|25}} || 1616–1662 || [[Qing dynasty]] conquest of [[Ming dynasty]]<ref name="users.erols" />
|-
| {{right|15–22}} || 1914–1918 ||[[World War I]] (see [[World War I casualties]])<ref name = Britannica>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I/Killed-wounded-and-missing|title=World War I - Killed, wounded, and missing &#124; Britannica|website=Britannica.com|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> 
|-
| {{right|20}} || 1937–1945 || [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml |title=Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan |work=BBC News |access-date=2011-01-24 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128194317/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{right|20}} || 1370–1405 || Conquests of [[Tamerlane]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Timur |title=Timur Lenk (1369–1405) |publisher=Users.erols.com |access-date=2011-01-24 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220023849/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Timur |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Asian Matthew White's website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220023849/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Asian |date=20 December 2017 }} (a compilation of scholarly death toll estimates)</ref>
|-
| {{right|20.77}} || 1862–1877 || [[Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan Revolt]]<ref>{{cite book |title=《中国人口史》 |language=zh |volume=5《清时期》 |page=635 |author=曹树基}} {{Full citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Lu">{{cite news |title=同治光绪年间陕西人口的损失 |language=zh |author = 路伟东}}{{Full citation needed|date=February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{right|5–9}} || 1917–1922 || [[Russian Civil War]] and [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Foreign Intervention]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/RUScivilwar.htm |title=Russian Civil War |publisher=Spartacus-Educational.com |access-date=2019-02-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205201225/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUScivilwar.htm |archive-date=5 December 2010 }}</ref>
|}

===On military personnel===
[[Military personnel]] subject to combat in war often suffer mental and physical injuries, including depression, [[posttraumatic stress disorder]], disease, injury, and death.

{{Quote|In every war in which American soldiers have fought in, the chances of becoming a psychiatric casualty – of being debilitated for some period of time as a consequence of the stresses of military life – were greater than the chances of being killed by enemy fire.|''No More Heroes'', Richard Gabriel<ref name="War"/>}}

Swank and Marchand's World War II study found that after sixty days of continuous combat, 98% of all surviving military personnel will become psychiatric casualties. Psychiatric casualties manifest themselves in fatigue cases, confusional states, conversion hysteria, anxiety, obsessional and compulsive states, and character disorders.<ref name="autogenerated1996">{{cite book|last=Lt. Col. Dave Grossman|title=On Killing – The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War & Society|publisher= Little, Brown & Co. |year=1996}}</ref>

{{Quote|One-tenth of mobilised American men were hospitalised for mental disturbances between 1942 and 1945, and after thirty-five days of uninterrupted combat, 98% of them manifested psychiatric disturbances in varying degrees.|''14–18: Understanding the Great War'', Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, Annette Becker<ref name="War"/>}}

Additionally, it has been estimated anywhere from 18% to 54% of Vietnam war veterans suffered from [[posttraumatic stress disorder]].<ref name="autogenerated1996"/> 

Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white American males aged 13 to 43 died in the [[American Civil War]], including about 6% in the North and approximately 18% in the South.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maris Vinovskis|title=Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9D4TAwc93VoC|access-date=31 May 2012|date=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-39559-5|archive-date=26 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526101206/http://books.google.com/books?id=9D4TAwc93VoC|url-status=live}}</ref> The war remains the deadliest conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 military personnel. [[United States military casualties of war]] since 1775 have totaled over two million. Of the 60&nbsp;million European military personnel who were mobilized in [[World War I]], 8&nbsp;million were killed, 7&nbsp;million were permanently disabled, and 15&nbsp;million were seriously injured.<ref>Kitchen, Martin (2000), ''[http://www.jimmyatkinson.com/papers/versaillestreaty.html#endnotes The Treaty of Versailles and its Consequences] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512224100/http://www.jimmyatkinson.com/papers/versaillestreaty.html |date=12 May 2008 }}'', New York: Longman</ref>

[[File:DeadCrowIndians1874.jpg|thumb|left|The remains of dead [[Crow Indians]] killed and scalped by Sioux {{Circa|1874}}]]
During [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s retreat from Moscow, more French military personnel died of [[typhus]] than were killed by the Russians.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091106154259/http://entomology.montana.edu/historybug/TYPHUS-Conlon.pdf The Historical Impact of Epidemic Typhus]. Joseph M. Conlon.</ref> Of the 450,000 soldiers who crossed the [[Neman River|Neman]] on 25 June 1812, less than 40,000 returned. More military personnel were killed from 1500 to 1914 by typhus than from military action.<ref name="TIME Magazine 1940">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090921004137/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794989,00.html War and Pestilence]. ''Time''.</ref> In addition, if it were not for modern medical advances there would be thousands more dead from disease and infection. For instance, during the [[Seven Years' War]], the [[Royal Navy]] reported it conscripted 184,899 sailors, of whom 133,708 (72%) died of disease or were 'missing'.<ref>A. S. Turberville (2006). ''Johnson's England: An Account of the Life & Manners of His Age''. p. 53. {{ISBN|1-4067-2726-1}}</ref> It is estimated that between 1985 and 1994, 378,000 people per year died due to war.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Obermeyer Z, Murray CJ, Gakidou E |title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme |journal=BMJ |volume=336 |issue=7659 |pages=1482–86 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18566045 |pmc=2440905 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a137 }}</ref>

===On civilians===
{{see also|Civilian casualties}}
[[File:The Hanging by Jacques Callot.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Les Grandes Misères de la guerre]]'' depict the destruction unleashed on civilians during the [[Thirty Years' War]].]]
Most wars have resulted in significant loss of life, along with destruction of infrastructure and resources (which may lead to [[famine]], disease, and death in the [[civilian]] [[population]]). During the [[Thirty Years' War]] in Europe, the population of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was reduced by 15 to 40 percent.<ref>[http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#30YrW The Thirty Years War (1618–48)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220023849/http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#30YrW |date=20 December 2017 }}, Alan McFarlane, The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap (2003)</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics#ref=ref310375 History of Europe – Demographics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723052625/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics#ref=ref310375 |date=23 July 2013 }}. Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> Civilians in war zones may also be subject to war atrocities such as [[genocide]], while survivors may suffer the psychological aftereffects of witnessing the destruction of war. War also results in lower quality of life and worse health outcomes. A medium-sized conflict with about 2,500 battle deaths reduces civilian life expectancy by one year and increases [[infant mortality]] by 10% and [[malnutrition]] by 3.3%. Additionally, about 1.8% of the population loses access to [[drinking water]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-064057|doi-access=free|title=The Consequences of Contention: Understanding the Aftereffects of Political Conflict and Violence|year=2019|last1=Davenport|first1=Christian|author-link=Christian Davenport|last2=Mokleiv Nygård|first2=Håvard|first3=Hanne|last4=Armstrong|first4=David|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|volume=22|pages=361–377}}</ref>

Most estimates of [[World War II casualties]] indicate around 60&nbsp;million people died, 40&nbsp;million of whom were civilians.<ref>{{cite web|title=World War II Fatalities|url=http://www.secondworldwar.co.uk/casualty.html|access-date=2007-04-20|archive-date=22 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422000628/http://www.secondworldwar.co.uk/casualty.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Deaths in the [[Soviet Union]] were around [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|27{{nbsp}}million]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm|title=Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead|date=9 May 2005|access-date=6 January 2010|work=BBC News|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222043852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Since a high proportion of those killed were young men who had not yet fathered any children, population growth in the postwar Soviet Union was much lower than it otherwise would have been.<ref>{{cite book|first=Geoffrey A.|last=Hosking|author-link=Geoffrey Hosking|title=Rulers And Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&pg=PA242|access-date=31 May 2012|year=2006|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02178-5|pages=242–|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905171344/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDMVMqDvp4QC&pg=PA242|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Economic===
{{see also|Military Keynesianism}}
Once a war has ended, losing nations are sometimes required to pay [[war reparations]] to the victorious nations. In certain cases, land is ceded to the victorious nations. For example, the territory of [[Alsace-Lorraine]] has been traded between France and Germany on three different occasions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Alsace-Lorraine |title=Alsace-Lorraine |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=Online |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320174427/https://www.britannica.com/place/Alsace-Lorraine |url-status=live }}</ref>

Typically, war becomes intertwined with the economy and many wars are partially or entirely based on economic reasons. The common view among economic historians is that the [[Great Depression]] ended with the advent of [[World War II]]. Many economists believe that government spending on the war caused or at least accelerated recovery from the Great Depression, though some consider that it did not play a very large role in the recovery, though it did help in reducing unemployment.<ref name="Britannica1">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243118/Great-Depression "Great Depression"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509121741/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243118/Great-Depression|date=9 May 2015}}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref><ref name="Galbraith">Referring to the effect of World War II spending on the economy, economist [[John Kenneth Galbraith]] said, "One could not have had a better demonstration of the Keynesian ideas." {{cite video |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/story/ch_menu.html |title=Commanding Heights, see chapter 6 video or transcript |date=2002 |medium=TV documentary |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |location=U.S. |people=[[Daniel Yergin]], William Cran (writers / producer)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romer |first=Christina D. |author-link=Christina Romer |year=1992 |title=What Ended the Great Depression? |journal=Journal of Economic History |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=757–784 |doi=10.1017/S002205070001189X |quote=fiscal policy was of little consequence even as late as 1942, suggests an interesting twist on the usual view that World War II caused, or at least accelerated, the recovery from the Great Depression.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Higgs |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Higgs |date=1 March 1992 |title=Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=41–60 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700010251 |issn=1471-6372 |s2cid=154484756}}</ref> In most cases, such as the wars of Louis XIV, the [[Franco-Prussian War]], and [[World War I]], warfare primarily results in damage to the economy of the countries involved. For example, Russia's involvement in World War I took such a toll on the Russian economy that it almost collapsed and greatly contributed to the start of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gatrell|first1=Peter|author-link1=:de:Peter Gatrell|title=Russia's First World War : A Social and Economic History|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|location=Hoboken, New Jersey |isbn=978-1317881391|page=270}}</ref>
====World War II====
[[File:Cyprian War.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|Ruins of [[Warsaw]]'s Napoleon Square in the aftermath of [[World War II]]]]
[[World War II]] was the most financially costly conflict in history; its belligerents cumulatively spent about a trillion U.S. dollars on the [[war effort]] (as adjusted to 1940 prices).<ref>{{cite web |last=Mayer |first=E. |date=2000 |url= http://emayzine.com/lectures/WWII.html |title=World War II course lecture notes|website=Emayzine.com |location=Victorville, California |publisher=Victor Valley College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301155526/http://emayzine.com/lectures/WWII.html |archive-date=1 March 2009 |access-date=4 July 2014}}</ref><ref>Coleman, P. (1999) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080302153205/http://members.aol.com/forcountry/ww2/wc1.htm "Cost of the War"], ''World War II Resource Guide'' (Gardena, California: The American War Library)</ref>
The [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s ended as nations increased their production of war materials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/depwwii/depwar.html |title= Great Depression and World War II, 1929–1945 |publisher=Library of Congress |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012023043/http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/depwwii/depwar.html |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=4 July 2014}}</ref>

By the end of the war, 70% of European industrial infrastructure was destroyed.<ref>{{cite book|author-link1=Marc Pilisuk|author1=Marc Pilisuk|author2=Jennifer Achord Rountree|title=Who Benefits from Global Violence and War: Uncovering a Destructive System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r9kNZrmG0E8C&pg=PA136|access-date=31 May 2012|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99435-8|pages=136–|archive-date=26 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526083711/http://books.google.com/books?id=r9kNZrmG0E8C&pg=PA136|url-status=live}}</ref> Property damage in the Soviet Union inflicted by the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Axis invasion]] was estimated at a value of 679&nbsp;billion rubles. The combined damage consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, 2,508 church buildings, 31,850 industrial establishments, {{convert|40000|mi|0|abbr=on}} of railroad, 4100 railroad stations, 40,000 hospitals, 84,000 schools, and 43,000 public libraries.<ref>''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 February 1946, Volume 95, Number 32158.</ref>