Editing Vowel harmony (section)

===Turkic languages===
Turkic languages inherit their systems of vowel harmony from [[Proto-Turkic]], which already had a fully developed system. The one exception is [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], which has lost its vowel harmony due to extensive [[Persian language|Persian]] influence; however, its closest relative, [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], has retained Turkic vowel harmony.

====Azerbaijani====
[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]'s system of vowel harmony has both front/back and rounded/unrounded vowels.<ref>{{cite book|last=Öztopçu|first=Kurtuluş|title=Elementary Azerbaijani|year=2003|publisher=[Simurg]|location=Santa Monica, Calif. ; İstanbul|isbn=975-93773-0-6|pages=32, 49|edition=2. printing}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Azerbaijani Vowel Harmony
! colspan="2" | Front || colspan="2" | Back
|-
! Unrounded|| Rounded || Unrounded || Rounded
|-
! Vowel 
| e, ə, i || ö, ü || a, ı || o, u
|-
! Two form suffix (iki şəkilli şəkilçilər)
| colspan="2" | ə || colspan="2" | a 
|-
! Four form suffix (dörd şəkilli şəkilçilər) 
| i || ü || ı || u
|}

====Tatar====
[[Tatar language|Tatar]] has no neutral vowels. The vowel é is found only in [[loanword]]s. Other vowels also could be found in loanwords, but they are seen as Back vowels. Tatar language also has a rounding harmony, but it is not represented in writing. O and ö could be written only in the first syllable, but vowels they mark could be pronounced in the place where ı and e are written.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Front
| ä || e || i || ö || ü
|-
! Back
| a || ı || í || o || u || é
|-
|}

====Kazakh====
[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]'s system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system, but there is also a system of rounding harmony that is not represented by the orthography.

====Kyrgyz====
[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]'s system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system, but there is also a system of rounding harmony, which strongly resembles that of Kazakh.

====Turkish====
[[Turkish language|Turkish]] has a 2-dimensional vowel harmony system, where vowels are characterised by two features: [±front] and [±rounded]. There are two sets of vocal harmony systems: a simple one and a complex one. The simple one is concerned with the '''low vowels e, a''' and has only the [±front] feature (''e'' front vs ''a'' back). The complex one is concerned with the '''high vowels i, ü, ı, u''' and has both [±front] and [±rounded] features (''i'' front unrounded vs ''ü'' front rounded and ''ı'' back unrounded vs ''u'' back rounded). The close-mid vowels ''ö, o'' are not involved in vowel harmony processes.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Turkish Vowel Harmony
! colspan="4" | Front || colspan="4" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | Unrounded|| colspan="2" | Rounded || colspan="2" | Unrounded || colspan="2" | Rounded
|-
! Vowel 
| style="border-right: 0;" | '''e''' /e/ 
| style="border-left: 0;" | '''i''' /i/ || style="border-right: 0;" |'''ö''' /ø/
| style="border-left: 0;" |'''ü''' /y/ || style="border-right: 0;" |'''a''' /a/
| style="border-left: 0;" | '''ı''' /ɯ/ || style="border-right: 0;" |'''o''' /o/
| style="border-left: 0;" |'''u''' /u/
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Simple system
| colspan="4" | '''e''' || colspan="4" | '''a''' 
|- style="text-align: center;"
! Complex system 
| colspan="2" | '''i''' || colspan="2" | '''ü''' || colspan="2" | '''ı''' || colspan="2" | '''u'''
|}

=====Front/back harmony=====
[[Turkish language|Turkish]] has two classes of vowels{{spaced ndash}}''front'' and ''back''. Vowel harmony states that words may not contain both front and back vowels. Therefore, most grammatical suffixes come in front and back forms, e.g. ''Türkiye''''de''''' "in Turkey" but ''Almanya''''da''''' "in Germany".

{| class="wikitable"
|+Turkish vowel harmony<ref>Examples from {{Harvcoltxt|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=150}}</ref>
|-
! [[Nominative case|Nom]].sg
! [[Genitive case|Gen]].sg.
! Nom.pl
! Gen.pl.
! Gloss
|-
| {{lang|tr|ip}}
| {{lang|tr|ipin}}
| {{lang|tr|ipler}}
| {{lang|tr|iplerin}}
|'rope'
|-
| {{lang|tr|el}}
| {{lang|tr|elin}}
| {{lang|tr|eller}}
| {{lang|tr|ellerin}}
|'hand'
|-
| {{lang|tr|kız}}
| {{lang|tr|kızın}}
| {{lang|tr|kızlar}}
| {{lang|tr|kızların}}
|'girl'
|}

=====Rounding harmony=====
In addition, there is a secondary rule that {{lang|tr|i}} and {{lang|tr|ı}} in suffixes tend to become {{lang|tr|ü}} and {{lang|tr|u}} respectively after rounded vowels, so certain suffixes have additional forms. This gives constructions such as ''Türkiye''''dir''''' "it is Turkey", {{lang|tr|kapı'''dır'''}} "it is the door", but {{lang|tr|gün'''dür'''}} "it is the day", {{lang|tr|karpuz'''dur'''}} "it is the watermelon".

=====Exceptions=====
Not all suffixes obey vowel harmony perfectly.

In the suffix {{lang|tr|-(i)yor}}, the {{lang|tr|o}} is invariant, while the {{lang|tr|i}} changes according to the preceding vowel; for example {{lang|tr|sön'''ü'''y'''o'''r}} – "he/she/it fades". Likewise, in the suffix {{lang|tr|-(y)ken}}, the {{lang|tr|e}} is invariant: {{lang|tr|Roma'dayk'''e'''n}} – "When in Rome"; and so is the {{lang|tr|i}} in the suffix {{lang|tr|-(y)ebil}}: {{lang|tr|inanıl'''a'''b'''i'''lir}} – "credible". The suffix {{lang|tr|-ki}} exhibits partial harmony, never taking a back vowel but allowing only the front-voweled variant {{lang|tr|-kü}}: {{lang|tr|dünk'''ü'''}} – "belonging to yesterday"; {{lang|tr|yarınk'''i'''}} – "belonging to tomorrow".

Most Turkish words do not only have vowel harmony for suffixes, but also internally. However, there are many exceptions.

Compound words are considered separate words with respect to vowel harmony: vowels do not have to harmonize between members of the compound (thus forms like {{lang|tr|''bu''{{pipe}}''gün''|italic=unset}} "this|day" = "today" are permissible). Vowel harmony does not apply for [[loanword]]s, as in {{lang|tr|otobüs}} – from French "autobus". There are also a few native modern Turkish words that do not follow the rule (such as {{lang|tr|anne}} "mother" or {{lang|tr|kardeş}} "sibling" which used to obey vowel harmony in their older forms, {{lang|tr|ana}} and {{lang|tr|karındaş}}, respectively). However, in such words, suffixes nevertheless harmonize with the final vowel; thus {{lang|tr|annes'''i'''}} – "his/her mother", and {{lang|tr|voleybolc'''u'''}} – "volleyballer".

In some loanwords the final vowel is an {{lang|tr|a}}, {{lang|tr|o}} or {{lang|tr|u}} and thus looks like a back vowel, but is phonetically actually a front vowel, and governs vowel harmony accordingly. An example is the word {{lang|tr|saat}}, meaning "hour" or "clock", a loanword from Arabic. Its plural is {{lang|tr|sa'''a'''tl'''e'''r}}. This is not truly an exception to vowel harmony itself; rather, it is an exception to the rule that {{lang|tr|a}} denotes a front vowel.

Disharmony tends to disappear through analogy, especially within loanwords; e.g. {{lang|tr|Hüsnü}} (a man's name) < earlier {{lang|tr|Hüsni}}, from Arabic ''husnî''; {{lang|tr|Müslüman}} "Moslem, Muslim (adj. and n.)" < Ottoman Turkish {{Transliteration|oto|müslimân}}, from Persian ''mosalmân''.

====Tuvan====
[[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] has one of the most complete systems of vowel harmony among the Turkic languages.<ref>Smolek, Amy (2011). Vowel Harmony in Tuvan and Igbo: Statistical and Optimality Theoretic Analyses. Undergraduate Thesis, Swarthmore College https://www.swarthmore.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/linguistics/2011_Smolek.pdf</ref>