Editing Virginia (section)

===Civil rights to present===
[[File:RVA 2020 MDPC (50041262732).jpg|thumb|Protests in 2020 focused on [[List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Virginia|Confederate monuments in the state]].|alt=A bronze statue of a man riding a horse on a tall pedestal that is covered in colorful graffiti.]]
High-school student [[Barbara Rose Johns]] started a strike in 1951 at her underfunded and segregated school in [[Prince Edward County, Virginia|Prince Edward County]]. The protests led [[Spottswood William Robinson III|Spottswood Robinson]] and [[Oliver Hill (attorney)|Oliver Hill]] to file [[Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County|a lawsuit against the county]]. Their case joined ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' at the Supreme Court, which rejected the doctrine of "[[separate but equal]]" in 1954. The segregationist establishment, led by Senator [[Harry F. Byrd]] and his [[Byrd Organization]], reacted with a strategy called "[[massive resistance]]", and the General Assembly passed [[Stanley Plan|a package of laws]] in 1956 that cut off funding to local schools that [[Desegregation in the United States|desegregated]], causing some to close. Courts ruled the strategy unconstitutional, and on February 2, 1959, Black students [[racial integration|integrated]] schools in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]] and [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], where they were known as the [[Norfolk 17]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://boundarystones.weta.org/2013/02/02/it-happened-here-first-arlington-students-integrate-virginia-schools |title= It Happened Here First: Arlington Students Integrate Virginia Schools |date= February 2, 2013 |first= Mark |last= Jones |website= WETA |access-date= December 2, 2021}}</ref> Rather than integrate, county leaders in Prince Edward shut their school system in June 1959. When [[Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County|litigation again reached the Supreme Court]], it ordered the county to reopen and integrate its schools, which finally happened in September 1964.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/27/integration-public-schools-massive-resistance-virginia-1950s |title= In the 1950s, rather than integrate its public schools, Virginia closed them |newspaper= The Guardian |first1= Susan |last1= Smith-Richardson |first2= Lauren |last2= Burke |date= November 27, 2021 |access-date= December 2, 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Wallenstein|2007|pp=340–341, 350–357}}

Federal passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]] (1964) and [[Voting Rights Act of 1965|Voting Rights Act]] (1965), and their later enforcement by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]], helped end racial segregation in Virginia and overturn [[Jim Crow laws]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://richmond.com/news/local/civil-rights-progress-in-va-but-barriers-remain/article_41f067ac-cb6f-5222-a666-298f5d72bac0.html |title= Civil rights progress in Va., but barriers remain |first= Michael Paul |last= Williams |newspaper= The Richmond Times-Dispatch |date= June 28, 2014 |access-date= October 1, 2021}}</ref> In 1967, the Supreme Court struck down the state's ban on [[Interracial marriage in the United States|interracial marriage]] with ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''. In 1968, Governor [[Mills Godwin]] called a commission to rewrite the state constitution. The new constitution, which banned discrimination and removed articles that now violated federal law, [[1970 Virginia ballot measures|passed in a referendum]] and went into effect in 1971.<ref name=constitution_1970>{{cite news |url= https://www.virginiabusiness.com/article/virginias-latest-constitution-turns-50/ |title= Virginia's latest constitution turns 50 |magazine= Virginia Business |date= June 30, 2021 |first= Mason |last= Adams |access-date= October 1, 2021}}</ref> In 1989, [[Douglas Wilder]] became the first African American elected as governor in the United States, and in 1992, [[Bobby Scott (politician)|Bobby Scott]] became the first Black congressman from Virginia since 1888.{{sfn|Heinemann|Kolp|Parent|Shade|2007|pp=359–366}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://virginiahistory.org/learn/historical-book/chapter/voting-rights |title= Voting Rights |website= Virginia Museum of History & Culture |year= 2021 |access-date= May 13, 2021}}</ref>

The expansion of federal government offices into Northern Virginia's suburbs during the [[Cold War]] boosted the region's population and economy.{{sfn|Accordino|2000|pp=76–78}} The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] outgrew their offices in [[Foggy Bottom]] during the [[Korean War]], and moved to [[Langley, Virginia|Langley]] in 1961, in part due to a decision by the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] that the agency relocate outside the District of Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://ghostsofdc.org/2013/10/02/cia-langley-virginia/ |title= Three Things About the CIA's Langley Headquarters |website = Ghosts of D.C. |date= October 2, 2013 |access-date= December 2, 2021}}</ref> [[The Pentagon]], built in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington]] during [[World War II]] as the headquarters of the Department of Defense, was struck by a hijacked plane in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Caplan |first=David |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/fbi-releases-batch-911-pentagon-photos/story?id=46484696 |title=FBI re-releases 9/11 Pentagon photos |website= ABC News |date=March 31, 2017 |access-date=June 5, 2020}}</ref> Mass shootings at [[Virginia Tech shooting|Virginia Tech in 2007]] and in [[2019 Virginia Beach shooting|Virginia Beach in 2019]] led to passage of gun control measures in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.roanoke.com/news/local/northam-signs-history-making-batch-of-gun-control-bills/article_af8f9c9f-529f-502e-b225-b8c538036b69.html |title= Northam signs history-making batch of gun control bills |newspaper= The Roanoke Times |first= Amy |last= Friedenberger |date= April 10, 2020 |access-date= June 15, 2020}}</ref> Racial injustice and the presence of [[List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Virginia|Confederate monuments in Virginia]] have also led to large demonstrations, including in August 2017, when a white supremacist [[Charlottesville car attack|drove his car into protesters]], killing one, and in June 2020, when protests that were part of the larger [[Black Lives Matter]] movement brought about the [[Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials#Virginia|removal of Confederate statues]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/jeb-stuart-richmond/2020/07/07/bbfe4ff8-bfd3-11ea-b4f6-cb39cd8940fb_story.html |title= Gen. Robert E. Lee is the only Confederate icon still standing on a Richmond avenue forever changed |newspaper= The Washington Post |first1= Gregory S. |last1= Schneider |first2= Laura |last2= Vozzella |date= July 7, 2020 |access-date= July 7, 2020}}</ref>