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===20th century=== [[File:Mississippi_River_Commission_building_in_Vicksburg.jpg|thumb|Mississippi River Commission building, built 1894]] [[File:Mississippi - Vicksburg - NARA - 23941741 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view, 1932]] The exclusion of most blacks from the political system lasted for decades until after Congressional passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s. [[Lynching in the United States|Lynchings]] of blacks and other forms of white racial terrorism against them continued to occur in Vicksburg after the start of the 20th century. In May 1903, for instance, two black men charged with murdering a planter were taken from jail by a mob of 200 farmers and lynched before they could go to trial.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 4, 1903 |title=Lynched for Murder… |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E7DA1F30E733A25757C0A9639C946297D6CF&scp=8&sq=vicksburg+lynched&st=p |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032444/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B06E7DA1F30E733A25757C0A9639C946297D6CF&scp=8&sq=vicksburg+lynched&st=p |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 1919, as many as a thousand white men broke down three sets of steel doors to abduct, hang, burn and shoot a black prisoner, Lloyd Clay, who was falsely accused of raping a white woman.<ref name="AC Clay">{{cite news |date=May 15, 1919 |title=Mob uses Rope, to Lynch Negro |newspaper=Atlanta Constitution}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McWhirter |first1=Cameron |url=https://archive.org/details/redsummersummero0000mcwh |title=Red Summer The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America |date=2011 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=9780805089066 |page=[https://archive.org/details/redsummersummero0000mcwh/page/51 51] |url-access=registration}}</ref> From 1877 to 1950 in Warren County, 14 African Americans were lynched by whites, most in the decades near the turn of the century.<ref name="eji">{{cite web |title=''Lynching in America'', 3rd edition, 2017; SUPPLEMENT: Lynchings by County, p. 7 |url=https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-third-edition-summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023063004/https://eji.org/sites/default/files/lynching-in-america-third-edition-summary.pdf |archive-date=October 23, 2017 |access-date=January 25, 2019 |website=Eji.org}}</ref> The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] diverted the Yazoo River in 1903 into the old, shallowing channel to revive the waterfront of Vicksburg. The port city was able to receive steamboats again, but much freight and passenger traffic had moved to railroads, which had become more competitive. Railroad access to the west across the river continued to be by transfer steamers and ferry [[barges]] until a combination railroad-highway bridge was built in 1929. After 1973, [[Interstate 20]] bridged the river. Freight rail traffic still crosses by the old bridge. North-south transportation links are by the Mississippi River and [[U.S. Highway 61]]. Vicksburg has the only crossing over the Mississippi River between [[Greenville, Mississippi|Greenville]] and Natchez, and the only interstate highway crossing of the river between [[Baton Rouge]] and [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]. During the [[Great Mississippi Flood of 1927]], in which hundreds of thousands of acres were inundated, Vicksburg served as the primary gathering point for refugees. Relief parties put up temporary housing, as the flood submerged a large percentage of the [[Mississippi Delta]]. Because of the overwhelming damage from the flood, the US Army Corps of Engineers established the Waterways Experiment Station as the primary hydraulics laboratory, to develop protection of important croplands and cities. Now known as the [[Engineer Research and Development Center]], it applies military engineering, information technology, environmental engineering, hydraulic engineering, and geotechnical engineering to problems of flood control and river navigation. In December 1953, a [[1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi tornado outbreak|severe tornado]] swept across Vicksburg, causing 38 deaths and destroying nearly 1,000 buildings.{{wide image|Vicksburg 1910 LOC pan 6a13672.jpg|1600px|A 1910 panorama|align-cap=center}}During World War II, cadets from the Royal Air Force, flying from their training base at Terrell, Texas, routinely flew to Vicksburg on training flights. The town served as a stand-in for the British for Cologne, Germany, which is the same distance from London, England as Vicksburg is from Terrell.<ref>[[AT6 Monument]]</ref> Particularly after World War II, in which many blacks served, returning veterans began to be active in the civil rights movement, wanting to have full citizenship after fighting in the war. In Mississippi, activists in the Vicksburg Movement became prominent during the 1960s.
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