Editing Uralic languages (section)

===Traditional classification===
All Uralic languages are thought to have descended, through independent processes of [[language change]], from [[Proto-Uralic language|Proto-Uralic]]. The internal structure of the Uralic family has been debated since the family was first proposed.<ref name="Marcantonio-p55-68">{{cite book|title=The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics|last=Marcantonio|first=Angela|publisher=Blackwell|year=2002|isbn=978-0-631-23170-7|series=Publications of the Philological Society|volume=35|location=Oxford|pages=55–68|oclc=803186861}}</ref> Doubts about the validity of most or all of the proposed higher-order branchings (grouping the nine undisputed families) are becoming more common.<ref name=Marcantonio-p55-68/><ref name="SalmTax">{{cite web|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/kuzn.html|title=Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies|last=Salminen|first=Tapani|date=2002}}</ref>{{sfn|Aikio|2022|pp=1–4}}

A traditional classification of the Uralic languages has existed since the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=Die gegenseitige Verwandtschaft der Finnisch-ugrischen sprachen|last=Donner|first=Otto|year=1879|location=Helsinki|language=de|oclc=1014980747|author-link=Otto Donner}}</ref> It has enjoyed frequent adaptation in whole or in part in encyclopedias, handbooks, and overviews of the Uralic family. Otto Donner's model from 1879 is as follows:

{{tree list}}
* '''Uralic'''
** [[Ugric languages|Ugric]] (Ugrian)
*** [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
*** [[Ob-Ugric languages|Ob-Ugric]] (Ob-Ugrian)
**** [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
**** [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
** [[Finno-Permic languages|Finno-Permic]] (Permian-Finnic)
*** [[Permic languages|Permic]]
*** [[Finno-Volgaic languages|Finno-Volgaic]] (Finno-Cheremisic, Finno-Mari)
**** Volgaic
***** [[Mari language|Mari]]
***** [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvinic]]
**** [[Finno-Samic languages|Finno-Samic]] (Finno-Saamic, ''Finno-Lappic'')
***** [[Sámi languages|Sámi]]
***** [[Finnic languages|Finnic]]
{{tree list/end}}

At Donner's time, the [[Samoyedic languages]] were still poorly known, and he was not able to address their position. As they became better known in the early 20th century, they were found to be quite divergent, and they were assumed to have separated already early on. The terminology adopted for this was "Uralic" for the entire family, "[[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]]" for the non-Samoyedic languages (though "Finno-Ugric" has, to this day, remained in use also as a synonym for the whole family).<ref name=persee/> Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic are listed in [[ISO 639-5]] as primary branches of Uralic.

The following table lists nodes of the traditional family tree that are recognized in some overview sources.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Author(s) !!Finno-<br/>Ugric !! Ugric !! Ob-Ugric !! Finno-<br/>Permic !! Finno-<br/>Volgaic !! Volga-<br/>Finnic!! Finno-<br/>Samic
|-
! 1910 || Szinnyei<ref>{{cite book|title=Finnisch-ugrische Sprachwissenschaft|last=Szinnyei|first=Josef|publisher=G. J. Göschen'sche Verlagshandlung|year=1910|location=Leipzig|pages=9–21|language=de}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}}
|-
! 1921 || T. I. Itkonen<ref>{{cite book|title=Suomensukuiset kansat|last=Itkonen|first=T. I.|publisher=Tietosanakirjaosakeyhtiö|year=1921|location=Helsinki|pages=7–12|language=fi}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 1926 || Setälä<ref>{{cite book|title=Suomen suku|last=Setälä|first=E. N.|publisher=Otava|year=1926|location=Helsinki|language=fi|chapter=Kielisukulaisuus ja rotu}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 1962 || Hajdú<ref>{{cite book|title=Finnugor népek és nyelvek|last=Hájdu|first=Péter|year=1962|location=Budapest|language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Hajdu|title=Finno-Ugric Languages and Peoples|others=Translated by G. F. Cushing|year=1975|publisher=André Deutch Ltd.|location=London}}. English translation of Hajdú (1962).</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|hajdu|a|}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|hajdu|a|}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 1965 || Collinder<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WubvXTkjoLUC&pg=PA7|title=An Introduction to the Uralic languages|last=Collinder|first=Björn|publisher=University of California Press|year=1965|location=Berkeley|pages=8–27, 34|author-link=Björn Collinder}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 1966 || E. Itkonen<ref>{{cite book|title=Suomalais-ugrilaisen kielen- ja historiantutkimuksen alalta|last=Itkonen|first=Erkki|publisher=Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura|year=1966|series=Tietolipas|volume=20|pages=5–8|language=fi}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}}
|-
! 1968 || Austerlitz<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Robert|last=Austerlitz|author-link=Robert Austerlitz|chapter=L'ouralien|editor-first=André|editor-last=Martinet|editor-link=André Martinet|encyclopedia=Le langage|year=1968}}</ref>
| {{N&}}{{Ref label|austerlitz|b}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|austerlitz|b}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 1977 || Voegelin & Voegelin<ref>{{cite book|first1=C. F.|first2=F. M.|last1=Voegelin|last2=Voegelin|title=Classification and Index of the World's Languages|url=https://archive.org/details/classificationin0000voeg|url-access=registration|year=1977|publisher=Elsevier|location=New York/Oxford/Amsterdam|pages=[https://archive.org/details/classificationin0000voeg/page/341 341]–343|isbn=9780444001559}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}}
|-
! 2002 || Kulonen<ref>{{cite book|first=Ulla-Maija|last=Kulonen|chapter=Kielitiede ja suomen väestön juuret|editor-first=Riho|editor-last=Grünthal|title=Ennen, muinoin. Miten menneisyyttämme tutkitaan|year=2002|series=Tietolipas|volume=180|publisher=[[Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura]]|isbn=978-951-746-332-4|pages=104–108}}</ref>
| {{N&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}}
|-
! 2002 ||Michalove<ref name=Michalove/>
| {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || || {{N&}} || 
|-
! 2007 || Häkkinen<ref>Häkkinen, Jaakko 2007: Kantauralin murteutuminen vokaalivastaavuuksien valossa. Pro gradu -työ, Helsingin yliopiston Suomalais-ugrilainen laitos. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20071746</ref>
| {{N&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|hakkinen|c}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|hakkinen|c}}
|-
! 2007 || Lehtinen<ref>{{cite book|last=Lehtinen|first=Tapani|year=2007|title=Kielen vuosituhannet |series=Tietolipas|volume=215|publisher=[[Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura]]|isbn=978-951-746-896-1}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}}
|-
! 2007 || Salminen<ref name=Salminen2007>{{cite book|last=Salminen|first=Tapani|year=2007|chapter=Europe and North Asia |editor=Christopher Moseley |title=Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose|url-access=limited|location=London |publisher=Routlegde |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose/page/n229 211]–280|isbn=9780700711970}}</ref>
| {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}}
|-
! 2009 || Janhunen<ref name=Janhunen2009>{{cite book|last=Janhunen|first=Juha|chapter=Proto-Uralic—what, where and when? |year=2009 |editor= Jussi Ylikoski |title=The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 258 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Société Finno-Ougrienne |isbn=978-952-5667-11-0|issn=0355-0230|chapter-url=http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust258/sust258_janhunen.pdf}}</ref>
| {{Y&}} || {{N&}}{{Ref label|janhunen|d}} || {{N&}} || {{Y&}} || {{Y&}} || {{N&}} || {{N&}}?
|}
: {{Note label|hajdu|a. Hajdú describes the Ugric and Volgaic groups as areal units.}}
: {{Note label|austerlitz|b. Austerlitz accepts narrower-than-traditional Finno-Ugric and Finno-Permic groups that exclude Sámi}}
: {{Note label|hakkinen|c. Häkkinen groups Hungarian, Ob-Ugric and Samoyed into a Ugro-Samoyed branch, and groups Balto-Finnic, Sámi and Mordvin into a Finno-Mordvin branch}}
: {{Note label|janhunen|d. Janhunen accepts a reduced Ugric branch, called 'Mansic', that includes Hungarian and Mansi}}

Little explicit evidence has however been presented in favour of Donner's model since his original proposal, and numerous alternate schemes have been proposed. Especially in Finland, there has been a growing tendency to reject the Finno-Ugric intermediate protolanguage.<ref name="SalmTax" /><ref>Häkkinen, Kaisa 1984: Wäre es schon an der Zeit, den Stammbaum zu fällen? – Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, Neue Folge 4.</ref> A recent competing proposal instead unites Ugric and Samoyedic in an "East Uralic" group for which shared innovations can be noted.<ref name="EastUralic">Häkkinen, Jaakko 2009: [http://www.sgr.fi/susa/92/hakkinen.pdf ''Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa'']. – ''Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja 92''.</ref>

The Finno-Permic grouping still holds some support, though the arrangement of its subgroups is a matter of some dispute. Mordvinic is commonly seen as particularly closely related to or part of Finno-Samic.<ref>{{cite book
 |title=Mordvalaiskielten rakenne ja kehitys
 |last=Bartens
 |first=Raija
 |year=1999
 |publisher=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura
 |location=Helsinki
 |page=13
 |language=fi
 |isbn=978-952-5150-22-3}}</ref> The term ''[[Volga Finns|Volgaic]]'' (or ''Volga-Finnic'') was used to denote a branch previously believed to include Mari, Mordvinic and a number of the extinct languages, but it is now obsolete<ref name="SalmTax"/> and considered a geographic classification rather than a linguistic one.

Within Ugric, uniting Mansi with Hungarian rather than Khanty has been a competing hypothesis to Ob-Ugric.