Editing Tyrannosaurus (section)

===Size===
[[File:Longest theropods.svg|alt=|thumb|350x350px|Size (in blue) compared to select giant theropods and a human]]
''T. rex'' was one of the largest land carnivores of all time. One of its largest and the most complete specimens, nicknamed [[Sue (dinosaur)|Sue]] (FMNH PR2081), is located at the [[Field Museum of Natural History]] in Chicago. Sue measured {{cvt|12.3|-|12.4|m}} long,<ref name="Hutchinsonet.al.2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Hutchinson |first1=J. R. |last2=Bates |first2=K. T. |last3=Molnar |first3=J. |last4=Allen |first4=V. |last5=Makovicky |first5=P. J. |date=2011 |title=A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |page=e26037 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...626037H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0026037 |pmc=3192160 |pmid=22022500|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Holtz2008">{{cite web|last1=Holtz|first1=T. R.|title=Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2011 Appendix|url=http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf|access-date=January 13, 2012|date=2011|archive-date=August 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812011954/http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> was {{cvt|3.66|-|3.96|m}} tall at the hips,<ref name="SueFMNH">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/Sue%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |title=Sue Fact Sheet |website=Sue at the Field Museum |publisher=[[Field Museum of Natural History]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818213556/https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/Sue%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |archive-date=August 18, 2016 }}</ref><ref name=Sue>{{cite web |author=<!--none given--> |title=How well do you know SUE? |date=August 11, 2016 |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/how-well-do-you-know-sue |access-date=December 31, 2018 |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408042134/https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/how-well-do-you-know-sue |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FMNH">{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2018 |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/sue-t-rex |title=Sue the T. Rex |website=Field Museum |access-date=July 20, 2018 |archive-date=April 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404170459/http://fieldmuseum.org/sue |url-status=live }}</ref> and according to the most recent studies, using a variety of techniques, maximum body masses have been estimated approximately {{cvt|8.4|-|8.46|MT}}.<ref name="Persons"/><ref name="HartmanMassEstimate">{{cite web |last=Hartman |first=Scott |date=July 7, 2013 |title=Mass estimates: North vs South redux |publisher=Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing.com |url=http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/mass-estimates-north-vs-south-redux772013 |access-date=August 24, 2013 |archive-date=October 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012065922/http://www.skeletaldrawing.com/home/mass-estimates-north-vs-south-redux772013 |url-status=live }}</ref> A specimen nicknamed [[Scotty (dinosaur)|Scotty]] (RSM P2523.8), located at the [[Royal Saskatchewan Museum]], is reported to measure {{cvt|13|m|ft}} in length. Using a mass estimation technique that extrapolates from the [[circumference]] of the femur, Scotty was estimated as the largest known specimen at {{cvt|8.87|MT}} in body mass.<ref name="Persons">{{Cite journal |last1=Persons |first1=S. W. |last2=Currie |first2=P. J. |last3=Erickson |first3=G. M. |title=An Older and Exceptionally Large Adult Specimen of ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' |journal=The Anatomical Record |volume=303 |issue=4 |pages=656–672 |doi=10.1002/ar.24118 |pmid=30897281 |issn=1932-8486|year=2019 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Lyle2019">{{Cite web |url=https://www.folio.ca/paleontologists-identify-biggest-tyrannosaurus-rex-ever-discovered/ |title=Paleontologists identify biggest ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' ever discovered |last=Lyle |first=A. |date=March 22, 2019 |publisher=Folio, University of Alberta |access-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804134550/https://www.folio.ca/paleontologists-identify-biggest-tyrannosaurus-rex-ever-discovered/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Not every adult ''Tyrannosaurus'' specimen recovered is as big. Historically average adult mass estimates have varied widely over the years, from as low as {{cvt|4.5|MT}},<ref name="andersonetal1985">{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=J. F. |last2=Hall-Martin |first2=A. J. |last3=Russell |first3=D. |author-link3=Dale Russell |date=1985 |title=Long bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=207 |issue=1 |pages=53–61  |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x}}</ref><ref name="bakker1986">{{Cite book |title=The Dinosaur Heresies |last=Bakker |first=R. T. |date=1986 |publisher=Kensington Publishing |isbn=978-0-688-04287-5 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/dinosaurheresies00robe/page/241 241] |oclc=13699558 |author-link=Robert T. Bakker |url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaurheresies00robe/page/241 }}</ref> to more than {{cvt|7.2|MT}},<ref name="henderson1999">{{Cite journal |last=Henderson |first=D. M. |date=January 1, 1999 |title=Estimating the masses and centers of mass of extinct animals by 3-D mathematical slicing |url=http://paleobiol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/1/88 |journal=Paleobiology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=88–106 |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |access-date=December 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726105529/http://paleobiol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/1/88 |url-status=live }}</ref> with most modern estimates ranging between {{cvt|5.4|and|8.0|MT}}.<ref name="Hutchinsonet.al.2011" /><ref name="ericksonetal2004">{{Cite journal |last1=Erickson |first1=G. M. |last2=Makovicky |first2=P. J. |last3=Currie |first3=P. J. |author-link3=Phil Currie |last4=Norell |first4=M. A. |last5=Yerby |first5=S. A. |last6=Brochu |first6=C. A. |s2cid=4404887 |date=2004 |title=Gigantism and comparative life-history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=7001 |pages=772–775 |bibcode=2004Natur.430..772E |doi=10.1038/nature02699 |pmid=15306807 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15279/files/PAL_E2578.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2020 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714024211/http://doc.rero.ch/record/15279/files/PAL_E2578.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Erratum|doi=10.1038/nature16487|pmid=26675726|http://retractionwatch.com/2016/03/01/high-profile-critic-slams-nature-letters-about-dinosaur-growth-following-corrections/ ''Retraction Watch''}}</ref><ref name="farlowetal1995">{{Cite journal |last1=Farlow |first1=J. O. |last2=Smith |first2=M. B. |last3=Robinson |first3=J. M. |date=1995 |title=Body mass, bone 'strength indicator', and cursorial potential of ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' |url=http://www.vertpaleo.org/publications/jvp/15-713-725.cfm  |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=713–725 |doi=10.1080/02724634.1995.10011257 |bibcode=1995JVPal..15..713F |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023063102/http://www.vertpaleo.org/publications/jvp/15-713-725.cfm |archive-date=October 23, 2008}}</ref><ref name="seebacher2001">{{Cite journal |last=Seebacher |first=F. |date=2001 |title=A new method to calculate allometric length–mass relationships of dinosaurs |url=http://dinoweb.ucoz.ru/_fr/4/A_new_method_to.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=51–60 |citeseerx=10.1.1.462.255 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=53446536 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=August 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002456/http://dinoweb.ucoz.ru/_fr/4/A_new_method_to.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="christiansenfarina2004">{{Cite journal |last1=Christiansen |first1=P. |last2=Fariña |first2=R. A. |s2cid=84322349 |date=2004 |title=Mass prediction in theropod dinosaurs |journal=Historical Biology |volume=16 |issue=2–4 |pages=85–92 |doi=10.1080/08912960412331284313|bibcode=2004HBio...16...85C }}</ref>

A 2024 study found that there was little evidence of size-based sexual dimorphism in ''T. rex''.<ref name="Mallon&Hone24">{{Cite journal |last1=Mallon |first1=Jordan C. |last2=Hone |first2=David W. E. |date=July 24, 2024 |title=Estimation of maximum body size in fossil species: A case study using ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' |journal=[[Ecology and Evolution]] |language=en |volume=14 |issue=7 |page=11658 |doi=10.1002/ece3.11658 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=11267449 |pmid=39050661|bibcode=2024EcoEv..1411658M }}</ref>