Editing Tutankhamun (section)

===Family===
{{see also|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree}}
[[File:Anuk.PNG|thumb|upright|Tutankhamun and his queen, [[Ankhesenamun]]]]
Tutankhamun was born in the reign of [[Akhenaten]], during the [[Amarna Period]] of the late [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt]]. His original name was Tutankhaten or Tutankhuaten, meaning "living image of [[Aten]]",{{efn|''Tutankhaten'' was believed to mean ''"Living-image-of-Aten"'' as far back as 1877; however, not all Egyptologists agree with this interpretation. English Egyptologist [[Battiscombe Gunn]] believed that the older interpretation did not fit with [[Atenism|Akhenaten's theology]]. Gunn believed that such a name would have been [[blasphemous]]. He saw ''tut'' as a verb and not a noun and gave his translation in 1926 as ''The-life-of-Aten-is-pleasing''. Professor Gerhard Fecht also believed the word ''tut'' was a verb. He noted that Akhenaten used ''tit'' as a word for 'image', not ''tut''. Fecht translated the verb ''tut'' as ''"To be perfect/complete"''. Using Aten as the subject, Fecht's full translation was ''"One-perfect-of-life-is-Aten"''. The Hermopolis Block (two carved block fragments discovered in Ashmunein) has a unique spelling of the first nomen written as ''Tutankhuaten''; it uses ''ankh'' as a verb, which does support the older translation of ''Living-image-of-Aten''.{{sfn|Eaton-Krauss|2016|pages=28–29}}|group="Note"}} reflecting the shift in [[ancient Egyptian religion]] known as [[Atenism]] which characterized Akhenaten's reign.{{sfn|Reeves|1990|p=24}}{{sfn|Williamson|2015|p=1}}

====Parentage ====
His parentage is debated as they are not attested in surviving inscriptions. He was certainly a prince, as a fragmentary inscription from [[Hermopolis]] refers to "Tutankhuaten" as a "king's son".{{sfn|Dodson|Hilton|2004|p=149}} He is generally thought to have been the son of Akhenaten{{sfn|Dodson|Hilton|2004|p=149}} or his successor [[Smenkhkare]].{{sfn|Tawfik|Thomas|Hegenbarth-Reichardt|2018|p=180}} Inscriptions from Tutankhamun's reign treat him as a son of Akhenaten's father, [[Amenhotep III]], but that is only possible if Akhenaten's 17-year reign included a long co-regency with his father,{{sfn|Tyldesley|2012|p=167}} a possibility that many Egyptologists once supported but is now being abandoned.{{sfn|Ridley|2019|p=13}} His mother has been variously suggested to be Akhenaten's chief wife [[Nefertiti]],{{sfn|Dodson|2009|pages=15–17}} Amenhotep III's daughter [[Beketaten]],{{sfn|Bommas|2024|p=96}} or Akhenaten's daughters [[Meritaten]]{{sfn|Tawfik|Thomas|Hegenbarth-Reichardt|2018|pages=179–195}}{{efn|His parents are suggested to be Meritaten and her known husband Smenkhkare based on a re-examination of a box lid and coronation tunic found in his tomb.{{sfn|Tawfik|Thomas|Hegenbarth-Reichardt|2018|pages=179–195}}|group="Note"}} or [[Meketaten]].{{sfn|Arnold|Metropolitan Museum of Art Staff|Green|Allen|1996|page=115}}{{efn|Meketaten's candidacy is based on a relief from the [[Royal Tomb of Akhenaten|Royal Tomb]] at [[Amarna]] which depicts a child in the arms of a nurse outside a chamber in which Meketaten is being mourned by her parents and siblings, which has been interpreted to indicate she died in childbirth.{{sfn|Arnold|Metropolitan Museum of Art Staff|Green|Allen|1996|page=115}} This possibility has been deemed unlikely given that she was about 10 years old at the time of her death.{{sfn|Brand|Cooper|2009|page=88}}}} Tutankhamun was [[wet nurse]]d by a woman named [[Maia (nurse)|Maia]], known from her tomb at Saqqara.{{sfn|Zivie|1998|pages=33–54}}{{sfn|Gundlach|Taylor|2009|page=160}}

DNA testing identified his father as the mummy from tomb [[KV55]], thought to be [[Akhenaten]], and his mother as "[[The Younger Lady]]", an anonymous mummy cached in tomb [[KV35]]. His parents were full siblings, both being children of Amenhotep III and his chief wife [[Tiye]].{{sfn|Hawass et al.|2010|pages=642–645}}{{efn|The team reported it was over 99.99 percent certain that [[Amenhotep III]] was the father of the individual in KV55, who was in turn the father of Tutankhamun.{{sfn|Hawass|Saleem|2016|page=123}} More recent genetic analysis, published in 2020, revealed Tutankhamun shared his Y-haplogroup with his father, the KV55 mummy (Akhenaten), and grandfather, Amenhotep III, and his mtDNA haplogroup with his mother, The Younger Lady, his grandmother, Tiye, and his great-grandmother, [[Thuya]], upholding the results of the earlier genetic study.{{sfn|Gad|Ismail|Fathalla|Khairat|2020|page=11}}|group="Note"}} The identity of The Younger Lady is unknown but she cannot be Nefertiti, as she was not known to be a sister of Akhenaten.{{sfn|Dodson|Hilton|2004|page=146}} However, researchers such as [[Marc Gabolde]] and [[Aidan Dodson]] claim that Nefertiti was indeed Tutankhamun's mother. In this interpretation of the DNA results, the genetic closeness is not due to a brother-sister pairing but the result of three generations of [[first-cousin marriage]], making Nefertiti a first cousin of Akhenaten.{{sfn|Dodson|2009|pages=16–17}} The validity and reliability of the genetic data from mummified remains has been questioned due to possible degradation due to decay.{{sfn|Eaton-Krauss|2016|pages=6–10}}

====Children====

When Tutankhaten became king, he married [[Ankhesenamun|Ankhesenpaaten]], one of Akhenaten's daughters, who later changed her name to Ankhesenamun.{{sfn|Hawass|Saleem|2016|page=89}} He fathered [[317a and 317b mummies|two daughters]] who died at or soon after birth and were buried with him in his tomb.{{sfn|Hawass et al.|2010|pages=642–645}} [[X-ray computed tomography|Computed tomography]] studies published in 2011 revealed that one daughter was born prematurely at 5–6 months of pregnancy and the other at full-term, 9 months.{{sfn|Hawass|Saleem|2011|pages=W829–W831}} DNA testing has suggested the anonymous mummy [[KV21#KV21A|KV21A]] is their mother but the data is not statistically significant enough to allow her to be securely identified as his only known wife, Ankhesenamun.{{sfn|Hawass et al.|2010|pages=642–645}} Tutankhamun's death marked the end of the royal bloodline of the Eighteenth Dynasty.{{sfn|Morkot|2004|page=161}}

====Genealogy and population affinities====

A genetic study, published in 2020, revealed Tutankhamun had the haplogroups [[YDNA]] [[haplogroup R1b|R1b]], which originated in western Asia and which today makes up 50–60% of the genetic pool of modern Europeans, and [[mtDNA]] [[haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]], which originated in the Near East. He shares this Y-haplogroup with his father, the KV55 mummy (Akhenaten), and grandfather, Amenhotep III, and his mtDNA haplogroup with his mother, The Younger Lady, his grandmother, [[Tiye]], and his great-grandmother, [[Thuya]]. The profiles for Tutankhamun and Amenhotep III were incomplete and the analysis produced differing probability figures despite having concordant allele results. Because the relationships of these two mummies with the KV55 mummy had previously been confirmed in an earlier study, the haplogroup prediction of both mummies could be derived from the full profile of the KV55 data.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353306320 |title=Guardian of Ancient Egypt: Essays in Honor of Zahi Hawass |date=2020 |chapter=Maternal and paternal lineages in King Tutankhamun's family |publisher=Czech Institute of Egyptology |last1=Gad |first1=Yehia |isbn=978-80-7308-979-5 |pages=497–518}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R24/5924364 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |date=2020 |title=Insights from ancient DNA analysis of Egyptian human mummies: clues to disease and kinship |last1=Gad |first1=Yehia |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa223 |pages=R24–R28|pmid=33059357 |doi-access=free  | issn = 0964-6906}}</ref>

In 2022, S.O.Y. Keita analysed 8 [[STR analysis|Short Tandem loci]] (STR) data originally published by Hawass et al. in studies from 2010 and 2012. The first of these studies had investigated familial relationships among 11 royal mummies of the New Kingdom, which included Tutankhamun and Amenhotep III, as well as potential inherited disorders and infectious diseases.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185393 |journal=JAMA |volume=303 |issue=7 |date=2010 |title=Ancestry and pathology in King Tutankhamun's family |last1=Hawass |first1=Zahi |pages=638–647 |doi=10.1001/jama.2010.121|pmid=20159872 }}</ref> The second of these studies had investigated the Y-haplogroups and genetic kinship of Ramesses III and an unknown man buried along with him in the royal cache at Deir el Bahari.<ref name="Hawass, Zahi 2012 e8268">{{cite journal|author=Hawass, Zahi|display-authors=etal|title=Revisiting the harem conspiracy and death of Ramesses III: anthropological, forensic, radiological, and genetic study |journal=BMJ|date=2012|volume=345|issue=e8268|pages=e8268 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8268|pmid=23247979|hdl=10072/62081|s2cid=206896841|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Keita analysed the STR data from these studies using an algorithm that only has three choices: Eurasians, sub-Saharan Africans, and East Asians. Using these three options, Keita concluded that the majority of the samples had a population "affinity with '[[sub-Sahara]]n' Africans in one affinity analysis". However, Keita cautioned that this does not mean that the royal mummies "lacked other affiliations", which he argued had been obscured in typological thinking. Keita further added that different "data and algorithms might give different results", reflecting the complexity of biological heritage and the associated interpretation.<ref>"Analysis of the short tandem repeat (STR) data published on Ramesses III and the Amarna ancient royal family (including Tutankhamun) showed a majority to have an affinity with "sub-Saharan" Africans in one affinity analysis, which does not mean that they lacked other affiliations—an important point that typological thinking obscures". {{cite journal |last1=Keita |first1=S. O. Y. |title=Ideas about "Race" in Nile Valley Histories: A Consideration of "Racial" Paradigms in Recent Presentations on Nile Valley Africa, from "Black Pharaohs" to Mummy Genomest |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=September 2022 |volume=35 |pages=93–127 |url=https://egyptianexpedition.org/articles/ideas-about-race-in-nile-valley-histories-a-consideration-of-racial-paradigms-in-recent-presentations-on-nile-valley-africa-from-black-pharaohs/}}{{subscription required}}</ref>