Editing Turku (section)

==Geography==

Situated at the mouth of the [[Aura River (Finland)|Aura River]] in the south-western corner of Finland, Turku covers an area of {{convert|245|km2}} on both banks of the river. The eastern side, where [[Turku Cathedral]] is located, is the older and original centre. It is popularly known as ''täl pual jokke'' ("this side of the river"). The western side, where [[Turku Castle]] is located, is the newer part. It is called ''tois pual jokke'' ("the other side of the river").<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.turkulainen.fi/paikalliset/1396763 |title=Kumpi parempi: Täl pual vai tois pual? |work=Turkulainen |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=17 February 2023 |language=fi |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217143221/https://www.turkulainen.fi/paikalliset/1396763 |url-status=live }}</ref> In modern times, both banks of the Aura River are equally the [[City Centre, Turku|centre of the city]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.visitturku.fi/the-aura-riverside---turku--s-living-room3 |title=The Aura Riverside – Turku's Living Room |work=Visit Turku |access-date=22 October 2023 |language=en }}</ref>

There are ten bridges over the Aura river in Turku. The oldest of the current bridges is {{ill|Auransilta|fi}}, which was constructed in 1904. The newest bridge is {{ill|Kirjastosilta|fi}} ('library bridge'), a pedestrian-only bridge built in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.turku.fi/public/?contentid=480599&nodeid=23 |title=Kirjastosilta avattiin tulen ja valon juhlassa |publisher=www.turku.fi |access-date=10 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114100705/https://www.turku.fi/public/?contentid=480599&nodeid=23 |archive-date=14 January 2014 }}</ref> The ''[[Föri]]'', a small ferry that transports pedestrians and bicycles across the river without payment, is a well known feature of the city.

===Administrative subdivisions===
{{Main|Wards of Turku}}
[[File:Stålarminkatu-Mestarinkatu.jpg|thumb|right|[[IV District, Turku|IV District]], or Martti, is one of the smallest but most densely populated districts of Turku]]
The city is divided into 78 districts and nine [[Ward (country subdivision)|wards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.turku.fi/asuminen-ja-ymparisto/asuminen/kaupunginosat |title=Kaupunginosat |work=City of Turku |date=5 May 2015 |access-date=22 October 2023 |language=fi }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> These do not operate as units of local government. However, some social programmes are district-based, especially in the eastern part of the city, where unemployment is high in some areas. The largest populated districts are [[Varissuo]] and [[Runosmäki]]. By area, [[Kakskerta]] and [[Paattinen]] are the largest districts.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

As many of the small neighbouring [[municipalities of Finland|municipalities]] from the north and south of the city were annexed during the mid-20th century, Turku is today shaped like an elongated pear. The city centre and most of the suburban areas lie in the middle, separated from the less densely populated northern rural areas by the Turku [[Bypass (road)|bypass]], that forms part of [[European route E18]]. Islands such as [[Ruissalo]], [[Hirvensalo]] and [[Kakskerta]], forming the southern part of the city, are also sparsely populated and mostly contain summer residences, with the exception of some districts in Hirvensalo which are currently growing into [[upper middle class|upper-middle-class]] suburbs.

===Climate===
[[File:Autumn in Turku.jpg|thumb|Area of [[Turku cathedral]] in autumn]]
Situated by the [[Baltic Sea]] and sheltered by the islands of the [[Archipelago Sea]], Turku has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb''). Like much of southern Finland, the city experiences warm summers, with temperatures ranging up to 30&nbsp;°C (86&nbsp;°F), and relatively cold winters with frequent snowfall. The warmest month of the year is July, with an average temperature of {{cvt|17.5|°C|0}}, whereas the coldest month is February. The average year-round temperature is around {{cvt|6.0|°C|0}}. Winter usually starts in early December, and spring in late March.

[[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] in Turku averages {{cvt|720|mm|1}} a year. The rainiest month of the year is August, when the city receives on average {{cvt|80|mm|1}} of rainfall. In April, the driest month of the year, the figure is only {{cvt|32|mm|1}}. The average [[air pressure]] at sea level is {{convert|101.2|kPa|inHg}}, with little variance throughout the year.

Operational since 1955, the city's [[weather station]] is located at an altitude of {{convert|47|m|ft|abbr=off}} at [[Turku Airport]].<ref>'Turku' at EuroWeather</ref> The weather in the city itself is affected by the proximity of the sea, so the wintertime temperatures are often milder than those measured at the airport. The moderating impact of the sea helps oak maple and ash trees, which are quite rare elsewhere in Finland, to thrive by the areas along the shoreline and in the archipelago.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/15734/2009nro8.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Suomen maakuntien ilmasto |access-date=7 October 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319235916/https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/15734/2009nro8.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Turku Airport (elevation 47 m) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1900–present
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 9.2
|Feb record high C = 10.2
|Mar record high C = 15.8
|Apr record high C = 24.5
|May record high C = 30.0
|Jun record high C = 32.0
|Jul record high C = 35.9
|Aug record high C = 33.0
|Sep record high C = 28.0
|Oct record high C = 18.9
|Nov record high C = 14.1
|Dec record high C = 11.0
|year record high C = 35.9
|Jan high C = -1.1
|Feb high C = -1.2
|Mar high C = 2.6
|Apr high C = 9.1
|May high C = 15.5
|Jun high C = 19.5
|Jul high C = 22.6
|Aug high C = 21.1
|Sep high C = 15.7
|Oct high C = 8.8
|Nov high C = 3.6
|Dec high C = 0.7
|year high C = 9.7
|Jan mean C = -3.8
|Feb mean C = -4.5
|Mar mean C = -1.3
|Apr mean C = 4.1
|May mean C = 10.0
|Jun mean C = 14.4
|Jul mean C = 17.5
|Aug mean C = 16.2
|Sep mean C = 11.3
|Oct mean C = 5.7
|Nov mean C = 1.5
|Dec mean C = -1.5
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -6.5
|Feb low C = -7.1
|Mar low C = -4.7
|Apr low C = -0.2
|May low C = 4.6
|Jun low C = 9.3
|Jul low C = 12.5
|Aug low C = 11.6
|Sep low C = 7.4
|Oct low C = 2.8
|Nov low C = -0.9
|Dec low C = -4.1
|year low C = 2.1
|Jan record low C = -35.5
|Feb record low C = -35.2
|Mar record low C = -32.8
|Apr record low C = -21.0
|May record low C = -6.6
|Jun record low C = -2.2
|Jul record low C = 1.8
|Aug record low C = 0.2
|Sep record low C = -6.9
|Oct record low C = -15.0
|Nov record low C = -22.3
|Dec record low C = -33.8
|year record low C = -35.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 58
|Feb precipitation mm = 42
|Mar precipitation mm = 39
|Apr precipitation mm = 32
|May precipitation mm = 35
|Jun precipitation mm = 55
|Jul precipitation mm = 74
|Aug precipitation mm = 73
|Sep precipitation mm = 59
|Oct precipitation mm = 73
|Nov precipitation mm = 71
|Dec precipitation mm = 73
|Jan precipitation days = 11
|Feb precipitation days = 9
|Mar precipitation days = 8
|Apr precipitation days = 7
|May precipitation days = 7
|Jun precipitation days = 8
|Jul precipitation days = 8
|Aug precipitation days = 10
|Sep precipitation days = 9
|Oct precipitation days = 11
|Nov precipitation days = 13
|Dec precipitation days = 12
|Jan sun = 40
|Feb sun = 75
|Mar sun = 134
|Apr sun = 204
|May sun = 284
|Jun sun = 276
|Jul sun = 287
|Aug sun = 230
|Sep sun = 155
|Oct sun = 89
|Nov sun = 38
|Dec sun = 27
|year sun =
|source 1 = Climatological statistics for the normal period 1991–2020<ref name="fmi.fi">{{cite web |url=https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi |title=Normal period 1991–2020 |access-date=7 October 2021 |archive-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930153447/https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/ilmastollinen-vertailukausi |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=October 2021
}}

{{Weather box
|location = Turku Artukainen (elevation 8 m) averages and records 2003–2023, precipitation 2003–2005 Turku Airport, since 2006 Artukainen, sunshine 1991–2020
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|width = 65%
|Jan record high C = 9.2
|Feb record high C = 9.4
|Mar record high C = 15.0
|Apr record high C = 23.9
|May record high C = 29.4
|Jun record high C = 31.6
|Jul record high C = 33.6
|Aug record high C = 33.0
|Sep record high C = 27.5
|Oct record high C = 17.5
|Nov record high C = 14.1
|Dec record high C = 10.6
|year record high C =
| Jan avg record high C = 5.3
| Feb avg record high C = 4.7
| Mar avg record high C = 11.0
| Apr avg record high C = 17.5
| May avg record high C = 25.2
| Jun avg record high C = 26.5
| Jul avg record high C = 28.7
| Aug avg record high C = 27.1
| Sep avg record high C = 21.5
| Oct avg record high C = 14.9
| Nov avg record high C = 10.0
| Dec avg record high C = 6.7
| year avg record high C =
|Jan high C = -0.8
|Feb high C = -0.6
|Mar high C = 3.1
|Apr high C = 9.6
|May high C = 16.1
|Jun high C = 20.5
|Jul high C = 23.3
|Aug high C = 21.7
|Sep high C = 16.4
|Oct high C = 9.6
|Nov high C = 4.9
|Dec high C = 1.6
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = -3.5
|Feb mean C = -3.6
|Mar mean C = -0.6
|Apr mean C = 4.8
|May mean C = 10.9
|Jun mean C = 15.5
|Jul mean C = 18.6
|Aug mean C = 17.3
|Sep mean C = 12.5
|Oct mean C = 6.6
|Nov mean C = 2.7
|Dec mean C = -0.8
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = -6.2
|Feb low C = -6.5
|Mar low C = -4.4
|Apr low C = 0.1
|May low C = 5.7
|Jun low C = 10.4
|Jul low C = 13.8
|Aug low C = 12.9
|Sep low C = 8.6
|Oct low C = 3.5
|Nov low C = 0.5
|Dec low C = -3.3
|year low C =
| Jan avg record low C = -18.3
| Feb avg record low C = -15.2
| Mar avg record low C = -13.6
| Apr avg record low C = -6.2
| May avg record low C = -1.7
| Jun avg record low C = 4.1
| Jul avg record low C = 8.5
| Aug avg record low C = 6.6
| Sep avg record low C = 1.3
| Oct avg record low C = -4.5
| Nov avg record low C = -7.5
| Dec avg record low C = -12.8
| year avg record low C =
|Jan record low C = -25.4
|Feb record low C = -25.4
|Mar record low C = -20.4
|Apr record low C = -9.9
|May record low C = -3.7
|Jun record low C = -0.3
|Jul record low C = 4.5
|Aug record low C = 3.3
|Sep record low C = -1.3
|Oct record low C = -12.6
|Nov record low C = -18.6
|Dec record low C = -23.4
|year record low C =
|precipitation colour= green
|Jan precipitation mm = 55
|Feb precipitation mm = 38
|Mar precipitation mm = 31
|Apr precipitation mm = 30
|May precipitation mm = 39
|Jun precipitation mm = 45
|Jul precipitation mm = 70
|Aug precipitation mm = 84
|Sep precipitation mm = 55
|Oct precipitation mm = 71
|Nov precipitation mm = 70
|Dec precipitation mm = 76
|year precipitation mm =
|Jan snow cm =
|Feb snow cm =
|Mar snow cm =
|Apr snow cm =
|May snow cm =
|Jun snow cm =
|Jul snow cm =
|Aug snow cm =
|Sep snow cm =
|Oct snow cm =
|Nov snow cm =
|Dec snow cm =
|year snow cm =
|unit rain days = 1 mm
|Jan rain days = 11
|Feb rain days = 8
|Mar rain days = 8
|Apr rain days = 7
|May rain days = 7
|Jun rain days = 8
|Jul rain days = 9
|Aug rain days = 11
|Sep rain days = 9
|Oct rain days = 12
|Nov rain days = 12
|Dec rain days = 13
|year rain days=
|Jan sun = 40
|Feb sun = 67
|Mar sun = 141
|Apr sun = 205
|May sun = 284
|Jun sun = 283
|Jul sun = 293
|Aug sun = 239
|Sep sun = 163
|Oct sun = 88
|Nov sun = 34
|Dec sun = 24
|year sun =
|source 1 = Finnish Meteorological Institute<ref name="fmi_open_data">{{cite web |url=https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/download-observations |title=Finnish Meteorological Institute's open data |access-date=31 March 2024 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324073206/https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/download-observations |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = https://www.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/1991-2020-auringonpaiste-ja-sateilytilastot
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=02972&ano=2024&mes=9&day=6&hora=2&min=0&ndays=30|title=02972:   Turku (Finland)|author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 5 September 2024|website=ogimet.com |publisher=OGIMET |access-date= 18 September 2024|quote=}}</ref>
}}