Editing Turkish language (section)

== Dialects ==
{{Main|Turkish dialects}}
Modern Standard Turkish is based on the dialect of [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia= Concise compendium of the world's languages |title= Turkish|page= 547|last= Campbell |first= George|publisher= Routledge |place= London|year= 1995}}</ref> This '''Istanbul Turkish''' (''İstanbul Türkçesi'') constitutes the model of written and spoken Turkish, as recommended by [[Ziya Gökalp]], [[Ömer Seyfettin]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web | title = En iyi İstanbul Türkçesini kim konuşur? | work = Milliyet | date = 18 November 2012 | access-date = 2017-12-30 | url = http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-magazin-1628628/ | archive-date = 2018-11-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181111073331/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-magazin-1628628/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

Dialectal variation persists, in spite of the [[dialect levelling|levelling influence]] of the standard used in mass media and in the [[education in Turkey|Turkish education system]] since the 1930s.<ref name="Johanson">{{Citation|last= Johanson |first= Lars |year= 2001 |title= Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map |url= http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf | url-status = dead|publisher= Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070205070509/http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf |archive-date= February 5, 2007 |access-date= 2007-03-18 }}</ref> Academic researchers from Turkey often refer to Turkish dialects as ''ağız'' or ''şive'', leading to an ambiguity with the linguistic concept of [[accent (sociolinguistics)|accent]], which is also covered with these words. Several universities, as well as a dedicated work-group of the Turkish Language Association, carry out [[project]]s investigating Turkish dialects. {{As of | 2002}} work continued on the compilation and publication of their research as a comprehensive dialect-[[atlas]] of the Turkish language.<ref name="Dialects Workshop">{{cite book |editor1-last=Özsoy |editor1-first=A. Sumru |editor2=Taylan, Eser E. |title=Türkçe'nin ağızları çalıştayı bildirileri |trans-title=Workshop on the dialects of Turkish |publisher=[[Boğaziçi University]] Yayınevi|year=2000|isbn=975-518-140-7|language=tr|editor1-link=A. Sumru Özsoy}}</ref><ref name="Dialects TDK">{{cite journal|last= Akalın|first= Şükrü Halûk|title= Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)|journal= Türk Dili |issn= 1301-465X|volume= 85|issue= 613|url= http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|access-date= 2007-03-18|date= January 2003 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070627231538/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf | archive-date = June 27, 2007 |url-status = dead|language= tr}}</ref> Although the Ottoman alphabet, being slightly more phonetically ambiguous than the Latin script, encoded for many of the dialectal variations between Turkish dialects, the modern Latin script fails to do this. Examples of this are the presence of the nasal velar sound [ŋ] in certain eastern dialects of Turkish which was represented by the Ottoman letter /ڭ/ but that was merged into /n/ in the Latin script. Additionally are letters such as /خ/, /ق/, /غ/ which make the sounds [ɣ], [q], and [x], respectively in certain eastern dialects but that are merged into [g], [k], and [h] in western dialects and are therefore defectively represented in the Latin alphabet for speakers of eastern dialects.

[[File:Turkey Turkish dialects map (Main subgroups) en.jpg|thumb|Map of the main subgroups of [[Turkish dialects]] across Southeast Europe and the [[Middle East]].]]
Some [[immigration to Turkey|immigrants to Turkey]] from [[Rumelia]] speak [[Rumelian Turkish]], which includes the distinct dialects of [[Ludogorie]], Dinler, and Adakale, which show the influence of the theorized [[Balkan sprachbund]]. ''Kıbrıs Türkçesi'' is the name for [[Cypriot Turkish]] and is spoken by the [[Turkish Cypriots]]. ''Edirne'' is the dialect of [[Edirne]]. ''Ege'' is spoken in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] region, with its usage extending to [[Antalya]]. The nomadic [[Yörüks]] of the [[Mediterranean Region, Turkey|Mediterranean Region]] of Turkey also have their own dialect of Turkish.<ref>{{cite book|last= Shashi|first= Shyam Singh|title= Encyclopaedia of Humanities and Social Sciences|publisher= Anmol Publications|year= 1992|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4T0oAAAAMAAJ&q=yoruk+turkish+taurus|page= 47|access-date= 2008-03-26|archive-date= 2023-01-15|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123307/https://books.google.com/books?id=4T0oAAAAMAAJ&q=yoruk+turkish+taurus|url-status= live}}</ref> This group is not to be confused with the Yuruk nomads of Macedonia, Greece, and European Turkey, who speak [[Balkan Gagauz Turkish]].

The [[Meskhetian Turks]] who live in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Russia as well as in several Central Asian countries, also speak an Eastern Anatolian dialect of Turkish, originating in the areas of Kars, Ardahan, Artvin, Diyarbakir and Erzurum and sharing similarities with [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], the language of Azerbaijan.<ref>{{citation|last1= Aydıngün |first1= Ayşegül |last2= Harding |first2= Çiğdem Balım |last3= Hoover |first3= Matthew |last4= Kuznetsov |first4= Igor |last5= Swerdlow |first5= Steve |year= 2006 |title= Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences |url= http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf |publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714205907/http://www.cal.org/co/pdffiles/mturks.pdf |archive-date=2007-07-14 }}</ref>

The [[Central Anatolia Region]] speaks ''Orta Anadolu''. ''Karadeniz'', spoken in the Eastern [[Black Sea Region]] and represented primarily by the [[Trabzon]] dialect, exhibits [[stratum (linguistics)#Substratum|substratum]] influence from [[Greek language|Greek]] in [[phonology]] and [[syntax]];<ref name="Brendemoen">{{Cite conference|last= Brendemoen|first= B. |title= Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon |year= 1996 |conference=Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February 1996}}</ref> it is also known as ''Laz dialect'' (not to be confused with the [[Laz language]]). ''Kastamonu'' is spoken in [[Kastamonu]] and its surrounding areas. [[Karamanli Turkish]] is spoken in Greece, where it is called {{lang|grc| Kαραμανλήδικα}}. It is the literary standard for the [[Karamanlides]].<ref>
{{Cite journal
 |last= Balta |first= Evangelia |date= Fall 2017 |title= Translating Books from Greek into Turkish for the Karamanli Orthodox Christians of Anatolia (1718–1856) |journal= International Journal of Turkish Studies |volume= 23 |issue= 1–2 |pages= 20 |via= Ebsco}}</ref>