Editing Tuba (section)

===Resonance and false tones===
Some tubas have a strong and useful resonance that is not in the well-known harmonic series. For example, most large B{{music|flat}} tubas have a strong resonance at low E{{music|flat}} (E{{music|flat}}<sub>1</sub>, 39&nbsp;Hz), which is between the fundamental and the second harmonic (an octave higher than the fundamental). These alternative resonances are often known as [[Acoustic resonance#False tones|false tones]] or privileged tones. Adding the six semitones provided by the three valves, these alternative resonances let the instrument play chromatically down to the fundamental of the open bugle (which is a 29&nbsp;Hz B{{music|flat}}<sub>0</sub>). The addition of valves below that note can lower the instrument a further six semitones to a 20&nbsp;Hz E<sub>0</sub>. Thus, even three-valved instruments with good alternative resonances can produce very low sounds in the hands of skilled players; instruments with four valves can play even lower. 

The lowest note in the widely known repertoire is a 16&nbsp;Hz double-pedal C<sub>0</sub> in the [[William Kraft]] piece ''Encounters II'', which is often played using a timed [[Flutter-tonguing|flutter tongue]] rather than by buzzing the lips. The fundamental of this pitch borders on [[infrasound]] and [[missing fundamental|its overtones define the pitch]] in the listener's ear.