Editing Transport economics (section)

== Funding and financing ==
[[File:Corridor Capacity and Infrastructure Costs.png|thumb|Corridor Capacity and Infrastructure Costs]]
Methods of funding and financing transport network maintenance, improvement and expansion are debated extensively and form part of the transport economics field.<ref>{{cite web|title=Business models for transport infrastructure assets? Some experiences in Europe. In The decision-making process for infrastructural investment choices|date=2020|url=https://www.francoangeli.it/Ricerca/scheda_libro.aspx?Id=26150|publisher=FrancoAngeli}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cardenas | first1 = I. | last2 = Voordijk | first2 = H | last3 = Geert | first3 = D. | year = 2018 | title = Beyond project governance. Enhancing funding and enabling financing for infrastructure in transport. Findings from the importance analysis approach | url = https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/beyond-project-governance-enhancing-funding-and-enabling-financin| journal = European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research  | volume = 18 | issue = 4| doi=10.18757/ejtir.2018.18.4.3261| doi-access = free }}</ref>

Funding issues relate to the ways in which money is raised for the supply of transport capacity. Taxation and [[user fees]] are the main methods of fund-raising. Taxation may be general (e.g. [[income tax]]), local (e.g. [[sales tax]] or [[land value tax]]) or variable (e.g. [[fuel tax]]), and user fees may be tolls, congestion charges or fares. The method of funding often attracts strong political and public debate.

Financing issues relate to the way in which these funds are used to pay for the supply of transport. Loans, [[Bond (finance)|bonds]], [[public–private partnership]]s and concessions are all methods of financing transport investment.