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== Ecology == The fruits are a favorite winter food of some birds and other animals, including wild [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dickson |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVICEKm1U04C&pg=PA72 |title=The Wild Turkey: Biology and Management |date=1992 |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-1859-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Professor2005">{{cite book |author=Department of Biology Hamilton College Ernest H. Williams Jr. Professor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoV7CclhNJcC&pg=PA57 |title=The Nature Handbook: A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors: A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors |date=26 April 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972075-0 |pages=57β}}</ref> Seeds are [[Zoochory|spread mainly by animals]] and remain viable after passing through the digestive tract. Birds may spread the seeds by [[Regurgitation (digestion)|regurgitation]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crafts |first=Alden S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCboDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Modern Weed Control |date=2021-01-08 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-31742-0 |language=en}}</ref>
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