Editing Tipu Sultan (section)

==Ruler of Mysore==
On 29 December 1782, Tipu Sultan crowned himself ''Badshah'' or Emperor of Mysore with the title Nawab Tipu Sultan Bahadur at age 32, and struck coinage.<ref name="Brittlebank 2022">{{cite book | last=Brittlebank | first=K. | title=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan | publisher=Claritas Books | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-905837-87-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1F9jEAAAQBAJ | access-date=15 April 2024 }}</ref>

===Conflicts with Maratha Confederacy===
{{See also|Battles involving the Maratha Empire#Conflict with the Kingdom of Mysore}}
[[File:Tipu Sultan seated on his throne.jpg|thumb|right|Tipu Sultan seated on his throne (1800), by [[Anna Tonelli]]]]
[[File:Gardens Tipu Summer Palace Srirangapatna Jan24 A7C 08975.jpg|thumb|right|[[Daria Daulat Bagh|Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace]] at [[Srirangapatna]], Karnataka]]
The [[Maratha Empire]] under its new [[Peshwa]] [[Madhavrao I]] regained most of Indian subcontinent, twice defeating Tipu's father in 1764 and then in 1767. In 1767 Maratha Peshwa Madhavrao defeated both Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan and entered Srirangapatna, the capital of Mysore. Hyder Ali accepted the authority of Madhavrao who gave him the title of Nawab of Mysore.{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=72}}

Subsequently, to escape the treaty, Tipu tried to take some Maratha forts in Southern India captured by in the previous war and also stopped the tribute to Marathas which was promised by Hyder Ali.<ref name='tipu 2'>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&q=tipu+48+lacs+maratha&pg=PA175|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj|last=Naravane|first=M. S.|date=2006|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788131300343}}</ref> This brought Tipu in direct conflict with the Marathas, leading to [[Maratha–Mysore War]]<ref name='tipu 2'/>
Conflicts between Mysore (under Tipu) and Marathas:
* [[Second siege of Nargund|Siege of Nargund]] during February 1785 won by Mysore
* [[Siege of Badami]] during May 1786 in which Mysore surrendered
* [[Siege of Adoni]] during June 1786 won by Mysore
* [[Battle of Gajendragad]], June 1786 won by Marathas
* [[Battle of Savanur]] during October 1786 won by Mysore
* [[Siege of Bahadur Benda]] during January 1787 won by Mysore

Conflict ended with [[Gajendragarh#Treaty of Gajendragad|Treaty of Gajendragad]] in March 1787, as per which Tipu returned all the territory captured by [[Hyder Ali]] to [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name='tipu 2'/>{{sfn|Sen|1995|p=54}} Tipu would elease Kalopant and return Adoni, Kittur, and Nargund to their previous rulers. Badami would be ceded to the Marathas and Tipu would also pay an annual tribute totaling 12 lakhs for an agreed period of 4 years to the Marathas. In return, Tipu Sultan would get all the region that he had captured during the war. This included Gajendragarh and Dharwar.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=105}}{{sfn|Sen|1995|p=59}} The Marathas in return agreed to recognize his authority and to address Tipu sultan as "Nabob Tipu Sultan Futteh Ally Khan".{{sfn|Sen|1995|p=59}} However the Marathas ultimately reneged on the treaty and in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] the Marathas presented their support to the British East India Company which helped the British to take over Mysore in 1799.{{sfn|Moienuddin|2000}}{{page needed|date=December 2023}}{{sfnm|Hasan|2005|1p=105|Sen|1995|2p=59}}

===The Invasion of Malabar (1766–1790)===
{{main|Mysorean invasion of Malabar}}
[[File:Tippoo Sahib at the lines of Travancore in the 1850s.jpg|thumb|200px|Tipu Sultan at the lines of [[Travancore]].]]

In 1766 when he was 15 years old Tipu accompanied his father on an invasion of Malabar. After the incident- [[Siege of Tellicherry]] in [[Thalassery]] in North [[Malabar District|Malabar]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/86/mode/1up|title=Dictionary of Indian biography|year=1906|publisher=London S. Sonnenschein}}</ref> Hyder Ali started losing his territories in Malabar. Tipu came from [[Mysore]] to reinstate the authority over Malabar. After the [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|Battle of the Nedumkotta (1789–90]]), due to the monsoon flood, the stiff resistance of the Travancore forces and news about the attack of British in [[Srirangapatnam]] he went back.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karnataka.com/personalities/tipu-sultan/|title=Tipu Sultan – Personalities|work=Karnataka.com|date=10 November 2016}}</ref>

===Third Anglo-Mysore War===
{{main|Third Anglo-Mysore War}}
[[File:Tippu's cannon.jpg|thumb|left|Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces at the battle of [[Srirangapatna]] 1799]] [[File:Surrender of Tipu Sultan.jpg|thumb|General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]], receiving two of Tipu Sultan's sons as hostages in the year 1793.|left]]

In 1789, Tipu Sultan disputed the acquisition by [[Dharma Raja of Travancore]] of two [[Dutch Republic|Dutch-held]] fortresses in [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]. In December 1789 he massed troops at [[Coimbatore]], and on 28 December [[Battle of the Nedumkotta|made an attack]] on the lines of Travancore, knowing that Travancore was (according to the [[Treaty of Mangalore]]) an ally of the [[British East India Company]].{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}} On account of the staunch resistance by the Travancore army, Tipu was unable to break through the Tranvancore lines and the Maharajah of Travancore appealed to the East India Company for help. In response, [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Lord Cornwallis]] mobilised company and British military forces, and formed alliances with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad to oppose Tipu. In 1790 the company forces advanced, taking control of much of the Coimbatore district.{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}} Tipu counter-attacked, regaining much of the territory, although the British continued to hold Coimbatore itself. He then descended into the Carnatic, eventually reaching [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]], where he attempted without success to draw the French into the conflict.{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}}

In 1791 his opponents advanced on all fronts, with the main British force under Cornwallis [[Siege of Bangalore|taking Bangalore]] and threatening Srirangapatna. Tipu harassed the British supply and communication and embarked on a "scorched earth" policy of denying local resources to the British.{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}} In this last effort he was successful, as the lack of provisions forced Cornwallis to withdraw to Bangalore rather than attempt a siege of Srirangapatna. Following the withdrawal, Tipu sent forces to Coimbatore, which they retook [[Siege of Coimbatore|after a lengthy siege]].{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}}

The 1792 campaign was a failure for Tipu. The allied army was well-supplied, and Tipu was unable to prevent the junction of forces from Bangalore and Bombay before Srirangapatna.{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}} After [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|about two weeks of siege]], Tipu opened negotiations for terms of surrender. In the [[Treaty of Seringapatam|ensuing treaty]], he was forced to cede half his territories to the allies,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} and deliver two of his sons as hostages until he paid in full three crores and thirty lakhs rupees fixed as war indemnity to the British for the campaign against him. He paid the amount in two instalments and got back his sons from Madras.{{sfn|Wenger|2017|pp=11–}}

===Napoleon's attempt at a junction===
{{Main|Franco-Indian alliances}}In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu allegedly helped found the [[Jacobin Club of Mysore]] for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic'. He planted a Liberty Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roychoudhury|first=Upendrakishore|title=White Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7BCr-QIWGIC&pg=PA101|date=April 2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303046-1|page=101}}</ref> In a 2005 paper, historian Jean Boutier argued that the club's existence, and Tipu's involvement in it, was fabricated by the East India Company in order to justify British military intervention against Tipu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Les "lettres de créances" du corsaire Ripaud. Un "club jacobin" à Srirangapatnam (Inde), mai-juin 1797|journal=Les Indes Savantes|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007971/document?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc|last=Boutier|first=Jean|date=2005}}</ref>

One of the motivations of Napoleon's [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|invasion of Egypt]] was to establish a junction with India against the British. Bonaparte wished to establish a French presence in the Middle East, with the ultimate dream of linking with Tippoo Sahib.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&pg=PA13|title=Tricolor and Crescent|isbn=9780275974701|year=2003|last1=Watson|first1=William E.|publisher=Greenwood Publishing }}</ref> Napoleon assured the [[French Directory]] that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions."<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA12|title=Napoleon and Persia|isbn=9780934211581|date=January 1999|last1=Amini|first1=Iradj|publisher=Mage Publishers }}</ref> According to a 13 February 1798 report by [[Talleyrand]]: "Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send a force of 15,000 men from [[Suez]] to India, to join the forces of Tipu-Sahib and drive away the English."<ref name="books.google.com"/> Napoleon was unsuccessful in this strategy, losing the [[Siege of Acre (1799)|Siege of Acre]] in 1799 and at the [[Battle of Abukir (1801)|Battle of Abukir]] in 1801.<ref name=karsh11>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBilxxaKRKkC&pg=PA11|title=Empires of the Sand|isbn=9780674005419|year=2001|last1=Karsh|first1=Efraim|last2=Karsh|first2=Inari|publisher=Harvard University Press }}</ref>

{{rquote|centre|Although I never supposed that he (''[[Napoleon]]'') possessed, allowing for some difference of education, the liberality of conduct and political views which were sometimes exhibited by old [[Hyder Ali]], yet I did think he might have shown the same resolved and dogged spirit of resolution which induced Tipu Sahib to die manfully upon the breach of his capital city with his sabre clenched in his hand.|Sir [[Walter Scott]], commenting on the abdication of [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte in 1814}}