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=== Passive radiative cooling surfaces === Thermal insulation has been found to improve the [[thermal emittance]] of [[passive radiative cooling]] surfaces by increasing the surface's ability to lower temperatures below ambient under direct solar intensity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Leroy |first1=A. |last2=Bhatia |first2=B. |last3=Kelsall |first3=C.C. |last4=Castillejo-Cuberos |first4=A.M. |last5=Capua H. |first5=Di |last6=Zhang |first6=L. |last7=Guzman |first7=A.M. |last8=Wang |first8=E.N. |date=October 2019 |title=High-performance subambient radiative cooling enabled by optically selective and thermally insulating polyethylene aerogel |journal=Materials Science |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=eaat9480 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aat9480 |pmid=31692957 |pmc=6821464 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.9480L }}</ref> Different materials may be used for thermal insulation, including [[polyethylene]] [[Aerogel|aerogels]] that reduce solar absorption and parasitic heat gain which may improve the emitter's performance by over 20%.<ref name=":0" /> Other aerogels also exhibited strong thermal insulation performance for radiative cooling surfaces, including a [[silica-alumina]] [[Nanofiber|nanofibrous]] aerogel.<ref name=":27">{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Tao |last2=Sun |first2=Haoyang |last3=Yang |first3=Meng |last4=Zhang |first4=Chentao |last5=Lv |first5=Sha |last6=Li |first6=Bin |last7=Chen |first7=Longhao |last8=Sun |first8=Dazhi |title=All-Ceramic, Compressible and Scalable Nanofibrous Aerogels for Subambient Daytime Radiative Cooling |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S138589472204997X |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |year=2023 |volume=452 |page=139518 |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2022.139518 |bibcode=2023ChEnJ.45239518L |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref>
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