Editing Thailand (section)

=== Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767) ===
{{main|Ayutthaya Kingdom|Galeote Pereira|Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549)|Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)}}
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| title             = [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]]
| image2            = Southeast Asian history - Around 1540.png
| caption2          = Ayutthaya and neighbors, {{circa|1540}} CE
| image1            = Mainland Southeast Asia in 1415.jpg
| caption1          = Ayutthaya and neighbors, {{circa|1415}} CE
| image3            = Bird's Eye View of Iudiad City (Ayutthaya) c1665.jpg
| caption3          = Painting of Ayutthaya city {{circa|1665}}, by [[Johannes Vingboons]]
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According to the most widely accepted version of its origin, the Ayutthaya Kingdom rose from the earlier, nearby [[Lavo Kingdom]] and Suvarnabhumi with [[Uthong]] as its first king. Ayutthaya was a patchwork of self-governing principalities and tributary provinces owing allegiance to the King of Ayutthaya under the [[Mandala (political model)|mandala system]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Higham |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ifNH4uK0LAC&pg=PA355 |title=The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1989 |isbn=0-521-27525-3 |access-date=6 September 2009 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328150350/https://books.google.com/books?id=-ifNH4uK0LAC&pg=PA355#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|355}} Its initial expansion was through conquest and political marriage. 

Before the end of the 15th century, Ayutthaya invaded the Khmer Empire three times and sacked its capital [[Angkor]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=เกษตรศิริ |first=ชาญวิทย์ |title=อยุธยา: ประวัติศาสตร์และการเมือง |date=2005 |publisher=โรงพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ |isbn=978-974-91572-7-5}}</ref>{{rp|26}} Ayutthaya then became a regional power in place of the Khmer. Constant interference of Sukhothai effectively made it a vassal state of Ayutthaya and it was finally incorporated into the kingdom. [[Borommatrailokkanat]] brought about bureaucratic reforms which lasted into the 20th century and created a system of social hierarchy called ''[[sakdina]]'', where male commoners were conscripted as [[corvée]] labourers for six months a year.<ref name="Wyatt 2013">{{Cite book |last=Wyatt |first=David K. |title=Thailand: A Short History |date=2013 |publisher=มูลนิธิโครงการตำราสังคมศาสตร์และมนุษยศาสตร์, มูลนิธิโตโยต้าประเทศไทย |isbn=978-616-7202-38-9 |language=th |translator-last=ละอองศรี |translator-first=กาญจนี |trans-title=ประวัติศาสตร์ไทยฉบับสังเขป}}</ref>{{rp|107}} Ayutthaya was interested in the [[Malay Peninsula]] but failed to conquer the [[Malacca Sultanate]], which was supported by the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]].<ref name="LePoer 1989" />{{rp|11, 13}}

European contact and trade started in the early-16th century, with the [[Duarte Fernandes|envoy]] of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] duke [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] in 1511. Portugal became an ally and ceded some soldiers to King Rama Thibodi II.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayutthaya history Foreign Settlements |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Settlements_Portuguese.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706001102/https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Settlements_Portuguese.html |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> The Portuguese were followed in the 17th century by the French, Dutch, and English. Rivalry for supremacy over Chiang Mai and the Mon people pitted Ayutthaya against the Burmese Kingdom. Several wars with its ruling [[Taungoo dynasty]] starting in the 1540s in the reign of [[Tabinshwehti]] and [[Bayinnaung]] were ultimately ended with the [[Burmese–Siamese War (1568–70)|capture of the capital in 1570]].<ref name="Wyatt 2013" />{{rp|146–7}} Then a brief period of vassalage to Burma until [[Naresuan]] proclaimed independence in 1584 followed.<ref name="Baker 2014">{{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Christopher |title=A History of Thailand |last2=Phongpaichit |first2=Pasuk |date=2014 |publisher=C.O.S Printers Pte Ltd |isbn=978-1-107-42021-2 |location=Singapore}}</ref>{{rp|11}}

Ayutthaya sought to improve relations with European powers for many successive reigns. The kingdom especially prospered during cosmopolitan [[Narai]]'s reign (1656–1688), when some European travellers regarded Ayutthaya as an Asian great power, alongside China and India.<ref name="Baker 2017" />{{rp|ix}} However, growing French influence later in his reign was met with nationalist sentiment and eventually led to the [[Siamese revolution of 1688]].<ref name="Wyatt 2013" />{{rp|185–6}} Despite the revolution, overall relations remained stable, with French missionaries still actively preaching Christianity.<ref name="Wyatt 2013" />{{rp|186}}

After a bloody period of dynastic struggle, Ayutthaya entered what has been called the Siamese "[[golden age]]", a relatively peaceful episode in the second quarter of the 18th century where [[Thai art|art]], [[Thai literature|literature]], and learning flourished. There were seldom foreign wars, apart from conflict with the [[Nguyễn lords]] for control of [[Cambodia]] starting around 1715. The last fifty years of the kingdom witnessed bloody succession crises, where there were purges of court officials and able generals for many consecutive reigns. In 1765, a combined 40,000-strong force of Burmese armies [[Burmese–Siamese War (1759–60)|invaded it]] from the north and west.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=G E |title=History of Burma |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. |year=1925 |location=London}}</ref>{{rp|250}} The Burmese under the new [[Alaungpaya]] dynasty quickly rose to become a new local power by 1759. After a 14-month siege, the capital city's walls fell and the city was burned in April 1767.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ruangsilp |first=Bhawan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xBGwFrYnaMC |title=Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom c. 1604–1765 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-08475-7 |location=Leiden, Netherlands |access-date=20 November 2009 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628192706/https://books.google.com/books?id=0xBGwFrYnaMC |url-status=live }}</ref>{{RP|218}}