Editing Tennessee (section)

===Reconstruction and late 19th century===
The years after the Civil War were characterized by tension and unrest between blacks and former Confederates, the worst of which occurred in [[Memphis riots of 1866|Memphis in 1866]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ryan |first=James Gilbert |title=The Memphis Riots of 1866: Terror in a Black Community During Reconstruction |journal=The Journal of Negro History |date=July 1977 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=243–257 |doi=10.2307/2716953 |jstor=2716953 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press|s2cid=149765241 |issn = 0022-2992}}</ref> Because Tennessee had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment before its readmission to the Union, it was the only former secessionist state that did not have a military governor during [[Reconstruction Era|Reconstruction]].{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|pp=333–334}} The [[Radical Republicans]] seized control of the state government toward the end of the war, and appointed [[William G. Brownlow|William G. "Parson" Brownlow]] governor. Under Brownlow's administration from 1865 to 1869, the legislature allowed African American men to vote, disenfranchised former Confederates, and with martial law, took action against the [[Ku Klux Klan]], which was founded in December 1865 in [[Pulaski, Tennessee|Pulaski]] as a vigilante group to advance former Confederates' interests.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coulter |first1=E. Merton |author1-link=E. Merton Coulter |title=William G. Brownlow: Fighting Parson of the Southern Highlands |date=1999 |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |location=Knoxville, TN |isbn=978-1-57233-050-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egskEhcF5gkC |access-date=May 12, 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref> In 1870, [[Southern Democrats]] regained control of the state legislature,{{sfn|Lamon|1980|pp=46-48}} and over the next two decades, passed [[Jim Crow laws]] to enforce [[racial segregation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Folmsbee |first1=Stanley J. |title=The Origin of the First "Jim Crow" Law |journal=The Journal of Southern History |date=May 1949 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=235–247 |doi=10.2307/2197999 |jstor=2197999 |publisher=Southern Historical Association |location=Atlanta}}</ref> A total of 251 [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]]s, predominately of Black people, took place in Tennessee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.tuskegee.edu/repository/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Lynchings-Stats-Year-Dates-Causes.pdf |title=Lynchings: By State and Race, 1882-1968 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not given--> |website= |publisher=Tuskegee University |access-date=September 11, 2023 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/lynching/ |title=Lynching |last=Bennett |first=Kathy |date=October 8, 2017 |publisher=Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture |access-date=September 11, 2023}}</ref>

[[File:AmCyc Memphis (Tennessee).jpg|thumb|right|alt=1879 illustration of Memphis, showing the city's cotton industry|Memphis became known as the "Cotton Capital of the World" in the years following the Civil War]]
A number of epidemics swept through Tennessee in the years after the Civil War, including [[cholera]] in 1873, which devastated the Nashville area,<ref>{{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Joseph K.|date=1875|title=The Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwwPAAAAYAAJ|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=478|author-link=Joseph Barnes (American physician)|access-date=May 23, 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref> and [[yellow fever]] in 1878, which killed more than one-tenth of Memphis's residents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Thomas H. |title=Yellowjack: The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878 in Memphis, Tennessee |journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine |date=May–June 1968 |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=241–264 |jstor=44450733 |publisher=[[The Johns Hopkins University Press]] |location=Baltimore|pmid=4874077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Webb |first1=Gina |title=Yellow fever epidemic changes course of Memphis history in 'Fever Season' |url=https://www.ajc.com/entertainment/yellow-fever-epidemic-changes-course-memphis-history-fever-season/IRFeaGgIt83vD2I8kgJ6WN/ |access-date=May 23, 2021 |work=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |date=October 20, 2012}}</ref> Reformers worked to modernize Tennessee into a "[[New South]]" economy during this time. With the help of Northern investors, Chattanooga became one of the first industrialized cities in the South.<ref name=jsh/> Memphis became known as the "Cotton Capital of the World" during the late 19th century, and Nashville, Knoxville, and several smaller cities saw modest industrialization.<ref name=jsh>{{cite journal|last=Belissary |first=Constantine G.|date=May 1953|title=The Rise of Industry and the Industrial Spirit in Tennessee, 1865-1885|jstor=2955013 |journal=The Journal of Southern History|volume=19|issue=2|pages=193–215|doi=10.2307/2955013}}</ref> Northerners also began exploiting the coalfields and mineral resources in the Appalachian Mountains. To pay off debts and alleviate overcrowded prisons, the state turned to [[convict leasing]], providing prisoners to mining companies as [[strikebreakers]], which was protested by miners forced to compete with the system.{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|pp=387–389}} An armed uprising in the Cumberland Mountains known as the [[Coal Creek War]] in 1891 and 1892 resulted in the state ending convict leasing.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cotham |first1=Perry C. |title=Toil, Turmoil & Triumph: A Portrait of the Tennessee Labor Movement |date=1995 |publisher=Hillsboro Press |location=Franklin, Tennessee |isbn=9781881576648 |pages=56–80 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWiN4VbNBLQC |access-date=May 23, 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shapiro |first1=Karin |title=A New South Rebellion: The Battle Against Convict Labor in the Tennessee Coalfields, 1871-1896 |date=1998 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |location=Chapel Hill, North Carolina |isbn=9780807867051 |pages=75–102, 184–205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nSE6DwAAQBAJ |access-date=May 23, 2021 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

Despite New South promoters' efforts, agriculture continued to dominate Tennessee's economy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McKenzie |first1=Robert Tracy |title=Freedmen and the Soil in the Upper South: The Reorganization of Tennessee Agriculture, 1865-1880 |journal=The Journal of Southern History |date=February 1993 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=63–84 |doi=10.2307/2210348 |jstor=2210348 |publisher=Southern Historical Association |location=Atlanta}}</ref> The majority of freed slaves were forced into [[sharecropping]] during the latter 19th century, and many others worked as agricultural wage laborers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Winters |first1=Donald L. |title=Postbellum Reorganization of Southern Agriculture: The Economics of Sharecropping in Tennessee |journal=Agricultural History |date=Autumn 1988 |volume=62 |issue=4 |pages=1–19 |jstor=3743372 |publisher=Agricultural History Society}}</ref> In 1897, Tennessee celebrated its statehood centennial one year late with the [[Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition]] in Nashville.<ref>{{cite book |title=Official Guide To The Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition and City of Nashville |date=1897 |publisher=Marshall & Bruce |location=Nashville |url=https://library.si.edu/digital-library/book/officialguidete00tenn |doi=10.5479/sil.999616.39088016962151 |access-date=May 23, 2021 |via=[[Smithsonian Libraries]]}}</ref> A [[Parthenon (Nashville)|full-scale replica]] of the [[Parthenon]] in [[Athens]] was designed by architect [[William Crawford Smith]] and constructed for the celebration, owing to the city's reputation as the "Athens of the South".{{sfn|Corlew|Folmsbee|Mitchell|1981|pp=411–414}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Coleman |first=Christopher K. |title=From Monument to Museum: The Role of the Parthenon in the Culture of the New South |journal=Tennessee Historical Quarterly |volume=49 |issue=3 |page=140 |jstor=42626877 |date=Fall 1990}}</ref>