Editing Tatars (section)

===Crimean Tatars===
{{main|Crimean Tatars}}
{{see also|Crimean Khanate|Detatarization of Crimea}}

[[File:Мавзолей_Джанике-ханым.jpg|thumb|Mausoleum of Canike in Crimea, [[Chufut-Kale|Qırq Yer]]]]

Crimean Tatars are an indigenous people of Crimea. Their formation occurred during the 13th–17th centuries, primarily from [[Cumans]] that appeared in Crimea in the 10th century, with strong contributions from all the peoples who ever inhabited Crimea ([[Crimean Greeks|Greeks]], [[Scythians]], and [[Crimean Goths|Goths]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ana-yurt.com/qrt/istoriya-etnogeneza-krymskih-tatar|title=История этногенеза крымских татар {{!}} Ана юрт|website=ana-yurt.com|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

At the beginning of the 13th century, Crimea, where the majority of the population was already composed of a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]]—Cumans, became a part of the [[Golden Horde]]. The Crimean Tatars mostly adopted Islam in the 14th century and thereafter Crimea became one of the centers of Islamic civilization in Eastern Europe. In the same century, trends towards separatism appeared in the Crimean Ulus of the Golden Horde. De facto independence of Crimea from the Golden Horde may be counted since the beginning of princess (khanum) Canike's, the daughter of the powerful Khan of the Golden Horde [[Tokhtamysh]] and the wife of the founder of the [[Nogai Horde]] [[Edigey]], reign in the peninsula. During her reign she strongly supported [[Hacı I Giray|Hacı Giray]] in the struggle for the Crimean throne until her death in 1437. Following the death of Сanike, the situation of Hacı Giray in Crimea weakened and he was forced to leave Crimea for Lithuania.<ref>Gertsen, Mogarychev [http://handvorec.ru/doc/PUBLIC/krepost%20drag.PDF Крепость драгоценностей. Кырк-Ор. Чуфут-кале.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729043136/http://handvorec.ru/doc/PUBLIC/krepost%20drag.PDF |date=29 July 2020 }}, 1993, pp. 58–64. {{ISBN|5-7780-0216-5}}.</ref>

[[File:Carlo Bossoli Khanpalast von Bachcisaraj 1857.jpg|thumb|[[Khan's Palace]] in Bağçasaray]]
In 1441, an embassy from the representatives of several strongest clans of Crimea, including the Golden Horde clans Shırın and [[Barın]] and the Cumanic clan—Kıpçak, went to the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] to invite Hacı Giray to rule in Crimea. He became the founder of the [[Giray dynasty]], which ruled until the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by Russia in 1783.<ref name= Gayv/> [[Hacı I Giray]] was a [[Jochid]] descendant of [[Genghis Khan]] and of his grandson [[Batu Khan]] of the [[Golden Horde]]. During the reign of [[Meñli I Giray]], Hacı's son, the army of the [[Great Horde]] that still existed then invaded Crimea from the north, Crimean Khan won the general battle, overtaking the army of the Horde Khan in Takht-Lia, where he was killed, the Horde ceased to exist, and the Crimean Khan became the [[Khagan|Great Khan]] and the successor of this state.<ref name= Gayv/><ref>Vosgrin, 1992. {{ISBN|5-244-00641-X}}.</ref> Since then, the Crimean Khanate was among the strongest powers in Eastern Europe until the beginning of the 18th century.<ref>Halil İnalcik, 1942 {{Page needed|date= June 2011}}</ref> The Khanate officially operated as a vassal state of the [[Ottoman Empire]], with great autonomy after 1580,<ref>[[Great Russian Encyclopedia]]: [https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808 Верховная власть принадлежала хану – представителю династии Гиреев, который являлся вассалом тур. султана (официально закреплено в 1580-х гг., когда имя султана стало произноситься перед именем хана во время пятничной молитвы, что в мусульм. мире служило признаком вассалитета)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506231421/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3892808 |date=6 May 2020 }}</ref> because of being a Muslim state, the Crimean Khanate just could not be separate from the Ottoman caliphate, and therefore the Crimean khans had to recognize the Ottoman caliph as the supreme ruler, in fact, the viceroy of God on earth. A major source of prosperity were [[Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe|frequents raids into Eastern Europe for slaves]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mikhail Kizilov |author-link=Mikhail Kizilov |title=Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources |url=https://www.academia.edu/2971600 |journal=[[Journal of Early Modern History]]|year=2007 |volume=11 |issue=1–2 |page=1 |doi=10.1163/157006507780385125 }}</ref>
[[File:Crimean Khanate 1550.png|thumb|Khanates of Crimea, Astrakhan and Kazan in 1550, before [[Ivan the Terrible]]'s expansion into the Volga basin]]
[[File:Józef Brandt - Potyczka Kozaków z Tatarami.jpg|thumb|Tatars fighting [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], by [[Józef Brandt]]]]
At the same time, the Nogai hordes, not having their own khan, were vassals of the Crimean one, the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]<ref>[http://inslav.ru/images/stories/pdf/2008_Kochegarov.pdf Kochegarov] (2008), p. 230</ref><ref>J. Tyszkiewicz. Tatarzy na Litwie i w Polsce. Studia z dziejow XIII-XVIII w. Warszawa, 1989. p. 167</ref> paid annual tribute to the khan (until [[Treaty of Constantinople (1700)|1700]]<ref>Davies (2007), p. 187; Torke (1997), p. 110</ref> and [[Treaty of Karlowitz|1699]], respectively). In 1711, when [[Peter I of Russia]] went on a campaign with all his troops (80,000) to gain access to the Black Sea, he was surrounded by the army of the Crimean Khan [[Devlet II Giray]], finding himself in a hopeless situation. And only the betrayal of the Ottoman vizier [[Baltacı Mehmet Pasha]] allowed Peter to get out of the encirclement of the Crimean Tatars.<ref>Ahmad III, H. Bowen, ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal and J. Shacht (E.J.Brill, 1986), 269.</ref> When Devlet II Giray protested against the vizier's decision,{{efn|He was claiming: "Such a strong and merciless enemy as Moscow, falling on its feet, fell into our hands. This is such a convenient case when, if we wish so, we can capture Russia from one side to the other, since I know for sure that the whole the strength of the Russian army is this army. Our task now is to pat the Russian army so that it cannot move anywhere from this place, and we will get to Moscow and bring the matter to the point that the Russian Tsar would be appointed by our [[padishah]]."<ref name= Giray/>}} his response was: "You might know your Tatar affairs. The affairs of the [[Sublime Porte]] are entrusted to me. You do not have the right to interfere in them."<ref name= Giray>[http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/24.phtml?id=12944 Halim Giray], 1822 {{in lang|ru}}</ref> [[Treaty of the Pruth]] was signed, and 10 years later, Russia declared itself an empire. In 1736, the Crimean Khan [[Qaplan I Giray]] was summoned by the Turkish Sultan [[Ahmed III]] to [[Persia]]. Understanding that Russia could take advantage of the lack of troops in Crimea, Qaplan Giray wrote to the Sultan to think twice, but the Sultan was persistent. As it was expected by Qaplan Giray, in [[Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)|1736 the Russian army invaded]] Crimea, led by [[Burkhard Christoph von Münnich|Münnich]], devastated the peninsula, killed civilians and destroyed all major cities, occupied the capital, [[Bakhchisaray]], and burnt the [[Bakhchisaray Palace|Khan's palace]] with all the archives and documents, and then left Crimea because of the epidemic that had begun in it. One year later the same was done by another Russian general—[[Peter Lacy]].<ref name= Gayv>Gayvoronsky, 2007</ref><ref>Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II. ABC-CLIO. p. 732</ref> Since then, the Crimean Khanate had not been able to recover, and its slow decline began. The [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Russo-Turkish War of 1768 to 1774]] resulted in the defeat of the Ottomans by the Russians, and according to the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] (1774) signed after the war, Crimea became independent and the Ottomans renounced their political right to protect the Crimean Khanate. After a period of political unrest in Crimea, [[Imperial Russia]] violated the treaty and [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire|annexed the Crimean Khanate]] in 1783.

[[File:Tragedy of Qarasuvbazar.jpg|thumb|Abandoned houses in [[Qarasuvbazar]]]]
Due to the oppression by the Russian administration, the Crimean Tatars were forced to immigrate to the Ottoman Empire. In total, from 1783 till the beginning of the 20th century, at least 800 thousand Tatars left Crimea. In 1917, the Crimean Tatars, in an effort to recreate their statehood, announced the [[Crimean People's Republic]]—the first democratic republic in the Muslim world, where all peoples were equal in rights. The head of the republic was the young politician [[Noman Çelebicihan]]. However, a few months later the [[Bolsheviks]] captured Crimea, and Çelebicihan was killed without trial and thrown into the Black Sea. Soon in Crimea, Soviet power was established.
[[File:Crimean tatar musician.jpg|thumb|Crimean Tatar musician]]
Through the fault of the Soviet government, which exported bread from Crimea to other regions of the country, in [[Russian famine of 1921–22|1921–1922]], at least 76,000 Crimean Tatars died of starvation,<ref>Zarubin: [https://books.google.com/books?id=U28jAQAAIAAJ&q=76+000 Без победителей: из истории Гражданской войны в Крыму], 2008, p. 704</ref> which became a disaster for such a small nation. In 1928, the first wave of repression against the Crimean Tatar [[intelligentsia]] was launched, in particular, the head of the [[Crimean ASSR]], [[Veli İbraimov]], was executed in a fabricated case. In 1938, the second wave of repression against the Crimean Tatar intelligentsia was started, during which many Crimean Tatar writers, scientists, poets, politicians, teachers were killed ([[Asan Sabri Ayvazov]], [[Usein Bodaninsky]], {{ill|Seitdzhelil Hattatov|ru|Хаттатов, Сеитджелиль Усеинович|vertical-align=sup}}, {{ill|Ilyas Tarhan|ru|Тархан, Ильяс Умерович|vertical-align=sup}} and many others).<ref>[https://ru.krymr.com/a/26967214.html Расстрел 17 апреля 1938 года]. RFEL</ref><ref>Zmerzly: [http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/74204/04-Zmerzly.pdf?sequence=1 Политические репрессии среди крымскотатарских преподавателей Крымского государственного университета им. Фрунзе]</ref><ref>Abibullayeva [https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41482932 Крымскотатарская интеллигенция – жертва политических репрессий 1920–ых – 1930–ых]</ref><ref>Hayali: [http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/107820/19-Khayali.pdf?sequence=1 Крымские татары в репрессивно-карательной политике в Крымской АССР]</ref> In May 1944, the USSR State Defense Committee [[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars|ordered the total deportation of all the Crimean Tatars from Crimea]]. The deportees were transported in
cattle trains to Central Asia, primarily to Uzbekistan. During the deportation and in the first years of being in exile, 46% of Crimean Tatars died.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/u/ussr/ussr.919/usssr919full.pdf Human Rights Watch], 1991, p. 34</ref> In 1956, [[Khrushchev]] exposed [[Stalin's cult of personality]] and allowed deported peoples to return to their homeland. The exception was the Crimean Tatars. Since then, a powerful national movement of the Crimean Tatars, supported abroad and by [[Soviet dissidents]], began, and in 1989 the [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union]] was made to condemn the [[ethnic cleansing|deportation of Crimean Tatars from their motherland]] as inhumane and lawless. Crimean Tatars began to return to their homeland. Today, Crimean Tatars constitute approximately 12% of the population of Crimea. There is a [[Crimean Tatar diaspora|large diaspora]] in [[Turkey]] and [[Uzbekistan]], but most (especially in Turkey) of them do not consider themselves Crimean Tatars.<ref name= ICCr/> Still, there remains a diaspora in [[Dobruja]], where most of the Tatars keep identifying themselves as Crimean Tatars.

[[File:Типы степных крымских татар.jpeg|right|thumb|Steppe Crimean Tatars]]
[[File:Горные и южнобережные крымские татары.jpg|thumb|Tat and Yaliboylu Crimean Tatars]]
Nowadays, the Crimean Tatars comprise three sub-ethnic groups:
* the [[Crimean Tatars#Sub-ethnic groups|Tats]] (not to be confused with [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tat people]], living in the Caucasus region) who used to inhabit the [[Crimean Mountains]] before 1944
* the [[Yaliboylu|Yalıboylu]] who lived on the southern coast of the peninsula
* the [[Noğay]]s who used to live in the northern part of the Crimea

====Crimean Tatars in Dobruja====
{{further|Tatars of Romania|Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria}}
Some Crimean Tatars have lived in the territory of today's [[Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]] since the 13th century. In Romania, according to the 2002 census, 24,000 people declared their ethnicity as Tatar, most of them being Crimean Tatars living in [[Constanța County]] in the region of Dobruja. Most of the Crimean Tatars, living in Romania and Bulgaria nowadays, left the Crimean peninsula for Dobruja after the [[annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire]].

Dobrujan Tatars have been present in Romania since the 13th century.<ref>Klaus Roth, Asker Kartarı, (2017), ''Cultures of Crisis in Southeast Europe: Part 2: Crises Related to Natural Disasters, to Spaces and Places, and to Identities (19) (Ethnologia Balkanica)'', p. 223</ref> The Tatars first reached the mouths of the [[Danube]] in the mid-13th century at the height of the power of the [[Golden Horde]]. In the 14th and 15th centuries the [[Ottoman Empire]] colonized [[Dobruja]] with [[Nogais]] from [[Budjak]]. Between 1593 and 1595 Tatars from Nogai and Budjak were also settled to Dobruja. Toward the end of the 16th century, about 30,000 Nogai Tatars from the Budjak were brought to [[Dobruja]].<ref name= Stan>Robert Stănciugel and Liliana Monica Bălaşa, ''Dobrogea în Secolele VII–XIX. Evoluţie istorică'', Bucharest, 2005, p.147</ref> After the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774|Russian annexation of Crimea]] in 1783 [[Crimean Tatars]] began emigrating to the Ottoman coastal provinces of Dobruja (today divided between Romania and Bulgaria). Once in Dobruja most settled in the areas surrounding [[Medgidia|Mecidiye]], [[Babadag]], [[Constanţa|Köstence]], [[Tulcea|Tulça]], [[Silistra|Silistre]], [[Beștepe, Tulcea|Beştepe]], or [[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]] and went on to create villages named in honor of their abandoned homeland such as Şirin, Yayla, Akmecit, Yalta, Kefe or Beybucak. Tatars together with Albanians served as [[Bashi-bazouk|gendarmes]], who were held in high esteem by the Ottomans and received special tax privileges. The Ottomans additionally accorded a certain degree of autonomy for the Tatars who were allowed governance by their own [[kaymakam]], Khan Mirza. The [[Giray dynasty]] (1427–1878) multiplied in Dobruja and maintained their respected position. A Dobrujan Tatar, Kara Hussein, was responsible for the destruction of the [[Janissary corps]] on orders from Sultan Mahmut II.