Editing Taiga (section)

==Flora==
[[File:BaikalForest (pixinn.net).jpg|thumb|right|upright|Boreal forest near [[Lake Baikal]] in [[Russia]]]]
Since [[North America]] and [[Eurasia]] were originally connected by the [[Bering land bridge]], a number of animal and plant [[species]], more animals than plants, were able to colonize both land masses, and are globally-distributed throughout the taiga biome (see [[Circumboreal Region]]). Others differ regionally, typically with each [[genus]] having several distinct species, each occupying different regions of the taiga. Taigas also have some small-leaved [[deciduous]] trees, like [[birch]], [[alder]], [[willow]], and [[Populus|poplar]]. These grow mostly in areas further south of the most extreme winter weather.

The [[Larix gmelinii|Dahurian larch]] tolerates the coldest winters of the Northern Hemisphere, in eastern Siberia. The very southernmost parts of the taiga may have trees such as [[oak]], [[maple]], [[elm]] and [[tilia|lime]] scattered among the conifers, and there is usually a gradual transition into a temperate, mixed forest, such as the [[eastern forest-boreal transition]] of eastern Canada. In the interior of the continents, with the driest climates, the boreal forests might grade into temperate [[grassland]].

There are two major types of taiga. The southern part is the '''closed canopy forest''', consisting of many closely-spaced trees and mossy groundcover. In clearings in the forest, shrubs and wildflowers are common, such as the [[fireweed]] and [[Lupinus|lupine]]. The other type is the '''lichen woodland''' or '''sparse taiga''', with trees that are farther-spaced and [[lichen]] groundcover; the latter is common in the northernmost taiga.<ref>Sayre, 12–13.</ref> In the northernmost taiga, the forest cover is not only more sparse, but often stunted in growth form; moreover, [[ice pruning|ice-pruned]], asymmetric black spruce (in North America) are often seen, with diminished foliage on the windward side.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, [http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=44751 ''Black Spruce: Picea mariana'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg, November, 2008] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005174426/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=44751 |date=5 October 2011 }}</ref>

In Canada, Scandinavia and Finland, the boreal forest is usually divided into three subzones: The '''high boreal''' (northern boreal/taiga zone), the '''middle boreal''' (closed forest), and the '''southern boreal''', a closed-canopy, boreal forest with some scattered temperate, deciduous trees among the conifers.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=George H. La Roi |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/boreal-forest |title=Boreal forest |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |access-date=27 November 2013 |archive-date=16 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016044738/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/boreal-forest/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Commonly seen are species such as maple, elm and oak. This southern boreal forest experiences the longest and warmest growing season of the biome. In some regions, including Scandinavia and western Russia, this subzone is commonly used for agricultural purposes.

The boreal forest is home to many types of [[berries]]. Some species are confined to the southern and middle closed-boreal forest (such as [[fragaria|wild strawberry]] and [[mitchella repens|partridgeberry]]); others grow in most areas of the taiga (such as [[cranberry]] and [[cloudberry]]). Some berries can grow in both the taiga and the lower arctic (southern regions) tundra, such as [[bilberry]], [[cornus canadensis|bunchberry]] and [[lingonberry]].

[[File:SevenlakesAlaska.JPG|thumb|Taiga spruce forest in the [[Kenai National Wildlife Refuge]], Alaska. Trees in this environment tend to grow closer to the trunk and not "bush out" in the normal manner of spruce trees.]]

The forests of the taiga are largely [[Pinophyta|coniferous]], dominated by [[larch]], [[spruce]], [[fir]] and [[pine]]. The woodland mix varies according to geography and climate; for example, the [[Eastern Canadian forests]] ecoregion (of the higher elevations of the [[Laurentian Mountains]] and the northern [[Appalachian Mountains]]) in Canada is dominated by balsam fir ''[[Abies balsamea]]'', while further north, the [[Eastern Canadian Shield taiga]] (of northern [[Quebec]] and [[Labrador]]) is mostly black spruce ''[[Picea mariana]]'' and tamarack larch ''[[Larix laricina]]''.

[[Evergreen]] species in the taiga (spruce, fir, and pine) have a number of adaptations specifically for survival in harsh taiga winters, although larch, which is extremely cold-tolerant,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/european-atlas-of-forest-tree-species/atlas-download-page/|title=Forest|website=forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu|access-date=4 February 2018}}</ref> is [[deciduous]]. Taiga trees tend to have shallow roots to take advantage of the thin soils, while many of them seasonally alter their [[biochemistry]] to make them more resistant to freezing, called "hardening".<ref name="autogenerated2">Sayre, 23.</ref> The narrow conical shape of northern conifers, and their downward-drooping limbs, also help them shed snow.<ref name="autogenerated2" />

Because the sun is low in the horizon for most of the year, it is difficult for plants to generate energy from [[photosynthesis]]. Pine, spruce and fir do not lose their leaves seasonally and are able to photosynthesize with their older leaves in late winter and spring when light is good but temperatures are still too low for new growth to commence. The adaptation of evergreen needles limits the water lost due to [[transpiration]] and their dark green color increases their absorption of sunlight. Although precipitation is not a limiting factor, the ground freezes during the winter months and plant roots are unable to absorb water, so desiccation can be a severe problem in late winter for evergreens.
[[File:Вид на гору Нуорунен с горы Кивакка 2.jpg|thumb|View of [[Nuorunen]], the highest point of [[Karelia]]]]
Although the taiga is dominated by coniferous forests, some [[flowering plant|broadleaf trees]] also occur, including [[birch]], [[aspen]], [[willow]], and [[rowan]]. Many smaller [[herbaceous]] plants, such as [[fern]]s and occasionally [[allium tricoccum|ramps]] grow closer to the ground. Periodic stand-replacing [[wildfire]]s (with return times of between 20 and 200 years) clear out the tree canopies, allowing sunlight to invigorate new growth on the forest floor. For some species, wildfires are a necessary part of the life cycle in the taiga; some, e.g. [[jack pine]] have cones which only open to release their seed after a fire, dispersing their seeds onto the newly cleared ground; certain species of fungi (such as [[morchella|morels]]) are also known to do this. [[Grass]]es grow wherever they can find a patch of sun; [[moss]]es and [[lichen]]s thrive on the damp ground and on the sides of tree trunks. In comparison with other biomes, however, the taiga has low botanical diversity.

Coniferous trees are the dominant plants of the taiga biome. Very few species, in four main genera, are found: the evergreen spruce, fir and pine, and the deciduous larch. In North America, one or two species of fir, and one or two species of spruce, are dominant. Across Scandinavia and western Russia, the [[Scots pine]] is a common component of the taiga, while taiga of the [[Russian Far East]] and [[Mongolia]] is dominated by [[larch]]. Rich in spruce and Scots pine (in the western Siberian plain), the taiga is dominated by larch in Eastern Siberia, before returning to its original floristic richness on the Pacific shores. Two deciduous trees mingle throughout southern Siberia: birch and ''[[Populus tremula]]''.<ref name="VOL page 568"/>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Fire Morels.jpg|Conifer cones and morels after fire in a boreal forest.
File:Ptilium crista-castrensis.jpg|Moss (''[[Ptilium crista-castrensis]]'') cover on the floor of taiga
</gallery>