Editing Taekwondo (section)

== Styles and organizations ==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:NineKwans FamilyTree.png|thumb|right|upright=1.15|A "family tree" illustrating how the five original ''kwans'' gave rise to multiple styles of taekwondo.]] -->
There are a number of major taekwondo styles as well as a few niche styles. Most styles are associated with a governing body or federation that defines the style.<ref name="Different styles of Taekwondo">{{cite web|url=https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Taekwondo/Training-Method/Develop-Your-Game/Different-styles-of-Taekwondo|title=Different styles of Taekwondo|website=ActiveSG|access-date=2020-05-14|archive-date=2021-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120225319/https://www.myactivesg.com/Sports/Taekwondo/Training-Method/Develop-Your-Game/Different-styles-of-Taekwondo|url-status=live}}</ref> The major technical differences among taekwondo styles and organizations generally revolve around:
* The [[hyeong|patterns]] practiced by each style (called {{Korean|labels=no|hangul=형|rr=hyeong}}, ''pumsae'' {{Korean|hangul=품새|labels=no}}, or {{Transliteration|mr|tul}} {{Korean|hangul=틀|labels=no}}, depending on the style); these are sets of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate mastery of posture, positioning, and technique
* Differences in the sparring rules for competition.
* Martial arts philosophy.

=== 1946: Traditional Taekwondo ===
"Traditional Taekwondo" refers to the 1940s and 1950s martial arts by the nine original ''kwans''. They used a number of different names such as Tang Soo Do (Chinese Hand Way),{{efn|name="Tang Soo Do"|Used by [[Chung Do Kwan]] and [[Moo Duk Kwan]]}} Kong Soo Do (Empty Hand Way){{efn|name="Kong Soo Do"|Used by [[Yun Mu Kwan]]/[[Jidokwan]] and [[Chang Moo Kwan|YMCA Kwon Bop Bu/Chang Moo Kwan]]}} and Tae Soo Do (Foot Hand Way).{{efn|name="Tae Soo Do"|Was an early name of taekwondo before Choi Hong-hi managed to convince the organization to adopt the name ''taekwondo'' instead.}} Traditional Taekwondo is still practised today but generally under names like [[Tang Soo Do]] and [[Soo Bahk Do]].<ref name="KANG" /><ref name="Gillis" /> In 1959, the name ''taekwondo'' was agreed upon by the nine original ''kwans'' as a common term for their martial arts. As part of the unification process, The Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) was formed through a collaborative effort by representatives from all the ''kwans'', and the work began on a common curriculum, which eventually resulted in the Kukkiwon and the Kukki Style of Taekwondo. The original ''kwans'' that formed KTA continues to exist today, but as independent fraternal membership organizations that support the [[World Taekwondo]] and Kukkiwon. The ''kwans'' also function as a channel for the issuing of Kukkiwon dan and poom certification (black belt ranks) for their members. The official curriculum of those ''kwans'' that joined the unification is that of the Kukkiwon, with the notable exception of half the Oh Do Kwan which joined the ITF instead and therefore uses the Chan Hon curriculum.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

=== 1966: ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo ===
[[International Taekwon-Do Federation]] (ITF)-style Taekwondo, more accurately known as Chang Hon-style Taekwondo, is defined by [[Choi Hong-hi]]'s ''Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do'' published in 1983.<ref name="Choi">{{Cite book |last=Choi |first=Hong Hi |title=Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do |publisher=International Taekwon-Do Federation |year=1983 |asin=B008UAO292}}</ref>

In 1990, the [[Global Taekwondo Federation]] (GTF) split from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding the ITF; the GTF continues to practice ITF-style Taekwondo, however, with additional elements incorporated into the style. Likewise, the ITF itself split in 2001 and again in 2002 into three separate federations, headquartered in Austria, the United Kingdom, and Spain respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.itf-tkd.org/|title = ITF Austria|access-date = January 25, 2020|website = itf-tkd.org|archive-date = October 23, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201023030417/https://www.itf-tkd.org/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.itf-administration.com/|title = ITF United Kingdom|access-date = September 16, 2014|website = Itf-administration.com|archive-date = August 7, 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120807032337/http://www.itf-administration.com/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.taekwondoitf.org/|title = ITF Spain|access-date = January 25, 2020|website = taekwondoitf.org|archive-date = January 23, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200123042126/https://www.taekwondoitf.org/|url-status = dead}}</ref>

The GTF and all three ITFs practice Choi's ITF-style Taekwondo. In ITF-style Taekwondo, the word used for "forms" is ''[[hyeong|tul]]''; the specific set of tul used by the ITF is called ''Chang Hon''. Choi defined 24 ''Chang Hon'' tul. The names and symbolism of the Chang Hon tul refer to elements of [[History of Korea|Korean history]], culture and religious philosophy. The GTF-variant of ITF practices an additional six tul.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Within the ITF taekwondo tradition there are two sub-styles:
* The style of taekwondo practised by the ITF before its 1973 split with the KTA is sometimes called by ITF practitioners "Traditional Taekwondo", though a more accurate term would be ''Traditional ITF Taekwondo''.
* After the 1973 split, Choi Hong-hi continued to develop and refine the style, ultimately publishing his work in his 1983 ''Encyclopedia of Taekwondo''. Among the refinements incorporated into this new sub-style is the "sine wave"; one of Choi Hong-hi's later principles of taekwondo is that the body's centre of gravity should be raised-and-lowered throughout a movement.

Some ITF schools adopt the sine wave style, while others do not. Essentially all ITF schools do, however, use the patterns (tul) defined in the Encyclopedia, with some exceptions related to the forms ''Juche'' and ''Ko-Dang''.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

=== 1969: ATA/Songahm-style Taekwondo ===
In 1969, [[Haeng Ung Lee]], a former Taekwondo instructor in the South Korean military, relocated to Omaha, Nebraska and established a chain of martial arts schools in the United States under the banner of the [[American Taekwondo Association]] (ATA). Like Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo, ATA Taekwondo has its roots in traditional taekwondo. The style of Taekwondo practised by the ATA is called ''Songahm Taekwondo''. The ATA went on to become one of the largest chains of Taekwondo schools in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ataonline.com/taekwondo/history.asp|title = ATA History|access-date = September 7, 2014|website = Ataon;ine.com|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140928165114/http://ataonline.com/taekwondo/history.asp|archive-date = September 28, 2014}}</ref>

The ATA established international spin-offs called the [[Songahm Taekwondo Federation]] (STF) and the [[World Traditional Taekwondo Union]] (WTTU) to promote the practice of Songahm Taekwondo internationally. In 2015, all the spin-offs were reunited under the umbrella of ATA International.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

=== 1970s: Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo ===
{{distinguish|Rhee Taekwon-Do}}
In 1962 [[Jhoon Rhee]], upon graduating from college in Texas, relocated to and established a chain of martial arts schools in the [[Washington, D.C.]] area that practiced Traditional Taekwondo.{{efn|name="Jhoon Rhee Traditional"|[[Tang Soo Do]], [[Chung Do Kwan]]}} In the 1970s, at the urging of [[Choi Hong-hi]], Rhee adopted ITF-style Taekwondo within his chain of schools, but like the GTF later departed from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding Choi and the ITF. Rhee went on to develop his own style of taekwondo called Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo, incorporating elements of both traditional and ITF-style Taekwondo as well as original elements.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://jhoonrhee.com/bio.html|title = The Jhoon Rhee Story|access-date = September 7, 2014|website = Jhoonrhee.com|archive-date = February 18, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150218144156/http://jhoonrhee.com/bio.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== 1972: Kukki-style / WT-Taekwondo ===
[[File:Kukkiwon PoomDan Comparison.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Relative popularity of Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo around the world]]
In 1972 the [[Korea Taekwondo Association]] (KTA) Central Dojang opened in Seoul; in 1973 the name was changed to [[Kukkiwon]]. Under the sponsorship of the South Korean government's [[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (South Korea)|Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism]] the Kukkiwon became the new national academy for Taekwondo, thereby establishing a new "unified" style of Taekwondo.<ref name="Kukkiwon" /> In 1973 the KTA established the [[World Taekwondo Federation]] (WTF, now called [[World Taekwondo]], WT) to promote the sportive side of Kukki-Taekwondo. The [[International Olympic Committee]] recognized the WT and Taekwondo sparring in 1980. For this reason, the Kukkiwon-defined style of Taekwondo is sometimes referred to as ''Sport-style Taekwondo'', ''Olympic-style Taekwondo'', or ''WT-style Taekwondo'', but the style itself is defined by the Kukkiwon, not by the WT, and the WT competition ruleset itself only allows the use of a very small number of the total number of techniques included in the style.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.worldtaekwondofederation.net/taekwondo-history|title = WTF History|access-date = September 7, 2014|website = Worldtaekwondofederation.net|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141031122722/http://www.worldtaekwondofederation.net/taekwondo-history|archive-date = October 31, 2014}}</ref>

===Extreme Taekwondo===
Extreme Taekwondo is a hybrid style created in 2008, by Taekwondo practitioner Shin-Min Cheol, who also founded Mirme Korea in 2012, a production company that helped spread his style. His company is based on promoting TKD tournaments, in a style which mixed other martial arts like Karate and Capoeira.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2017/06/30/people/Extreme-taekwondo-aims-higher/3035292.html|title=Extreme Taekwondo|date=30 June 2017 }}</ref>

===Hup Kwon Do===
Hup Kwon Do is a hybrid style of Taekwondo created by a Malayan martial artist called Grandmaster Lee in 1989. He opened his first school in Penang, and originally developed this system as a self-defense technique, mixing Taekwondo with a multitude of other martial arts, such as Kendo, Bokken, Wado Shimpo, Kickboxing and Karate. It is mainly governed by the World Hupkwondo Council (WHC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hupkwondo.net/about-hupkwondo/|title=About Hupkwondo|date=23 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hupkwondo.org/f-a-q/|title=F.A.Q. &#124; hupkwondo|website=www.hupkwondo.org}}</ref>

===Han Moo Do===
Han Moo Doo is a hybrid martial art created by Korean practitioner Yoon Sung Hwang in 1989, in Kauhava, Finland.
Like other variations of Taekwondo, it first started out as a method of self-defense before spreading across Northern countries such as Sweden, Norway and Denmark. It combines Taekwondo with other Korean martial arts like Hapkido and Hoi Jeon Moo Sool.
It mixes striking and grappling techniques, and some schools also incorporate weapons training into it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.borealhanmoodo.com/in-english/|title=Hanmoodo|date=12 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kenfuderyu.co.za/Han%20Moo%20Do.htm|title=Han Moo Do - Ken To Fude No Ryu Kenshu Kai Karate - Soke Solly Said}}</ref>

===Han Mu Do===
Han Mu Do is a martial art developed by Korean practitioner Dr. Young Kimm, who founded the World Hanmudo Association to assure the preservation of his style.
Its ideals are mostly based on the Han philosophy, mainly about the mind balance of the practitioner.
Young Kimm studied Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sul, Hapkido, Korean Judo and Kum Do, mixing all of their techniques together to create his own style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hanmudo-hapkido.com/what-is-han-mu-do.html|title=What is Han Mu Do|website=www.hanmudo-hapkido.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theharvestconcept.com/post/let-s-recap-what-is-han-mu-do|title=Han Mu Do|date=26 May 2023 }}</ref>

===Teuk Gong Moo Sool===
Teukgong Moosool is a combat system developed in South Korea by the special forces units that is projected to stop the opponent as quickly as possible, although it was also used in sports competition.
It is a hybrid style that mixes Taekwondo, Judo, Hapkido, Sanda (and other Chinese wushu styles) and Korean Kickboxing and it follows the Yin-Yang and five elements philosophy.
Its origins date back to the 1960s–70s, but it was only introduced in special forces training in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tgms.or.kr/board/data/notice/Article-Teuk%20Gong%20Moo%20Sool(4).pdf|title=Teuk Gong Moo Sool}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kcma-germany.de/TGMS.html|title=Teukgong MooSool - KCMA Germany|website=www.kcma-germany.de}}</ref>

=== Hoshin Moosool ===
Hoshin Moosool is a martial art and combat system founded by Taekwondo Grandmaster [[Lee Kwan-Young]]. Its techniques and method are inspired from Master Lee's experience as a close combat instructor during the Vietnam war, instructor for the French Police Elite Unit ([[RAID (French police unit)|RAID]]) and time as a member of the Korean and French intelligence service.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}