Editing Suleiman the Magnificent (section)

===Campaigns in the Indian Ocean===
{{Main|Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts|1548 capture of Aden|Ottoman expedition to Aceh|Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean}}
[[File:Ottoman fleet Indian Ocean 16th century.jpg|thumb|upright|Ottoman fleet in the [[Indian Ocean]] in the 16th century]]

Ottoman ships had been sailing in the [[Indian Ocean]] since the year 1518. Ottoman [[admiral]]s such as [[Hadim Suleiman Pasha]], [[Seydi Ali Reis]]<ref name="Özcan1997">{{cite book|first= Azmi |last= Özcan |title= Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain, 1877–1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s04pus5jBNwC&pg=PA11|access-date=30 September 2012|year=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10632-1| pages= 11–}}</ref> and [[Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis]] are known to have voyaged to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] imperial ports of [[Thatta]], [[Surat]] and [[Janjira State|Janjira]]. The Mughal Emperor [[Akbar the Great]] himself is known to have exchanged six documents with Suleiman the Magnificent.<ref name="Özcan1997" /><ref>{{cite journal |last= Farooqi |first=N. R. |title= Six Ottoman documents on Mughal-Ottoman relations during the reign of Akbar|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |date= 1996 |volume= 7 |issue= 1 |pages=32–48|doi=10.1093/jis/7.1.32}}</ref><ref name="Farooqi1989">{{cite book| first= Naimur Rahman |last= Farooqi|title=Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ| access-date= 30 September 2012|year=1989|publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli}}</ref>

Suleiman led several naval campaigns against the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] in an attempt to remove them and reestablish trade with the [[Mughal Empire]]. [[Aden]] in [[Yemen]] was captured by the Ottomans in 1538, in order to provide an Ottoman base for raids against Portuguese possessions on the western coast of the Mughal Empire.<ref name="Kour">{{cite book| first= Z. H.| last= Kour|title=The History of Aden |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNCPAgAAQBAJ|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-78114-9|page=2}}</ref> Sailing on, the Ottomans failed against the Portuguese at the [[Siege of Diu (1538)|siege of Diu]] in September 1538, but then returned to Aden, where they fortified the city with 100 pieces of artillery.<ref name="Kour" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ovg_RQlklU4C&pg=PA326|title=An economic and social history of the Ottoman Empire|first=Halil|last=İnalcik|page=326|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year= 1997 |isbn= 978-0-521-57456-3}}</ref> From this base, Sulayman Pasha managed to take control of the whole country of Yemen, also taking [[Sana'a]].<ref name="Kour" />

With its strong control of the [[Red Sea]], Suleiman successfully managed to dispute control of the trade routes to the Portuguese and maintained a significant level of trade with the [[Mughal Empire]] throughout the 16th century.<ref>''History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey'' by Ezel Kural Shaw p. 107 [https://books.google.com/books?id=UVmsI0P9RDUC&pg=PA107] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226065927/https://books.google.com/books?id=UVmsI0P9RDUC&pg=PA107|date=26 December 2022}}</ref>

From 1526 until 1543, Suleiman stationed over 900 Turkish soldiers to fight alongside the [[Somali people|Somali]] [[Adal Sultanate]] led by [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] during the [[Abyssinian–Adal war|Conquest of Abyssinia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=similarities between louis xiv and suleiman the magnificent |url=https://gymwp.app/hnytdoi/similarities-between-louis-xiv-and-suleiman-the-magnificent |access-date=16 May 2023 |website=gymwp.app |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516071400/https://gymwp.app/hnytdoi/similarities-between-louis-xiv-and-suleiman-the-magnificent |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–57)|first Ajuran-Portuguese war]], the Ottoman Empire would in 1559 absorb the weakened Adal Sultanate into its domain. This expansion furthered Ottoman rule in [[Somalia]] and the [[Horn of Africa]]. This also increased its influence in the Indian Ocean to compete with the Portuguese Empire with its close ally, the [[Ajuran Sultanate|Ajuran Empire]].<ref name="Clifford">{{cite journal|first=E. H. M.|last=Clifford|title=The British Somaliland-Ethiopia Boundary|journal=Geographical Journal|volume=87|issue=4|date=1936|pages=289–302|doi=10.2307/1785556|jstor=1785556|bibcode=1936GeogJ..87..289C }}</ref>

In 1564, Suleiman received an embassy from [[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]] (a sultanate on [[Sumatra]], in modern [[Indonesia]]), requesting Ottoman support against the Portuguese. As a result, an [[Ottoman embassy to Aceh|Ottoman expedition to Aceh]] was launched, which was able to provide extensive military support to the Acehnese.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492–1792, Volume 2|first=Jeremy|last=Black|page=17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA17|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-521-47033-1}}</ref>

The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] discovery of the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1488 initiated [[Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean|a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars]] in the Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Ajuran Sultanate allied with the Ottomans defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.<ref>Coins From Mogadishu, c. 1300 to c. 1700 by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville, p. 36</ref>