Editing Sudetes (section)

=== Bedrock ===
[[File:Laurussia Euramerica.svg|thumb|300px|Reconstruction of the [[Euramerica|Old Red Continent]] against which the [[terrane]]s or "building blocks" of the Sudetes [[continental collision|collided]] in [[Paleozoic|Late Paleozoic]] times. The area of present-day Sudetes lies near the eastern end of [[Avalonia]].]]
The [[igneous rock|igneous]] and [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] rocks of the Sudetes originated during the [[Variscan orogeny]] and its aftermath.<ref name="Migon1996" /> The Sudetes are the northeasternmost accessible part of Variscan orogen as in the [[North European Plain]] the orogen is buried beneath sediments.<ref name="Mazuretal2006">{{cite journal |last1=Mazur |first1=Stanisław |last2=Alexandrowski |first2=Paweł |last3=Kryza |first3=Ryszard |last4=Oberc-Dziedzic |first4=Teresa |year=2006 |title=The Variscan Orogen in Poland |journal=Geological Quarterly |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=89–118}}</ref> [[Plate tectonics|Plate tectonic]] movements during the Variscan orogeny assembled together four major and two to three lesser [[tectonostratigraphic terrane]]s.<ref name="MazurAlek2002" />{{efn-ua|Geologist Tom McCann lists the main Variscan terranes that make up much of the Sudetes as the Moldanubian, Góry-Sowie-Klodzko, Teplá Barriandian, Lusatia-Izera terrane, Brunovistulian terrane. The first three lie in the central Sudetes while the last two in the [[Western Sudetes|west]] and [[Central Sudetes|central]] Sudetes.<ref name="TM2008" />}} The assemblage of the terranes ought to have involved the [[continental collision|closure]] of at least two [[ocean basin]]s containing [[oceanic crust]] and marine sediments.<ref name="TM2008" /> This is reflected in the [[ophiolite]]s, [[High and low titanium basalts|MORB-basalts]], [[blueschist]]s and [[eclogite]]s that occur in-between terranes.<ref name="MazurAlek2002">{{cite journal |last1=Mazur |first1=S. |last2=Aleksandrowski |first2=P. |year=2002 |title=Collage tectonics in the northeasternmost part of the Variscan Belt: the Sudetes, Bohemian Massif |doi=10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.201.01.12 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=201 |issue=1 |pages=237–277 |bibcode=2002GSLSP.201..237A|s2cid=140166878}}</ref> Various terranes of the Sudetes are likely extensions of the [[Armorican terrane]] while other terranes may be the fringes of the ancient [[Baltica]] continent.<ref name="Mazuretal2006" /> One possibility for the amalgamation of terranes in the Sudetes is that the Góry Sowie-Kłodzko terrane collided with the Orlica-Śnieżnik terrane causing the closure of a small oceanic basin. This event led to [[obduction]] of the [[Central Sudetic ophiolite]] in the Devonian period. In the Early Carboniferous the joint Góry Sowie-Kłodzko-Orlica-Śnieżnik terrane collided with the Brunovistulian terrane. This last terrane was part of the [[Euramerica|Old Red Continent]] and could correspond either to [[Baltica]] or the eastern tip of the narrow Avalonia terrane. Also by the Early Carboniferous the Saxothuringian terrane collided with the Góry Sowie-Kłodzko-Orlica-Śnieżnik terrane closing the [[Rheic Ocean]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mazur |first1=Stanisław |last2=Aleksandrowski |first2=Paweł |last3=Turniak |first3=Krzysztof |last4=Awdankiewicz |first4=Marek |date=2007 |title=Granitoids in Poland |chapter=Geology, tectonic evolution and Late Palaeozoic magmatism of Sudetes – an overview |volume=1 |pages=59–87}}</ref>

Once the main phase of deformation of the orogeny was over [[sedimentary basin|basins]] that had formed in-between metamorphic rock massifs were filled by [[sedimentary rock]] in the [[Devonian]] and [[Carboniferous]] periods.<ref name="TM2008">{{cite book |last=McCann |first=Tom |chapter=Sudetes |editor-last=McCann |editor-first=Tom |date=2008 |title=The Geology of Central Europe, Volume 1: Pre-Cambrian and Palaeozoic |volume=1 |location=London |publisher=The Geological Society |page=496 |isbn=978-1-86239-245-8}}</ref> During and after sedimentation large [[granitoid|granitic]] [[pluton (geology)|plutons]] intruded the [[continental crust|crust]]. Viewed in a [[geological map|map]] today these plutons make up about 15% the Sudetes.<ref name="Migon1996">{{cite journal |last1=Migoń |first1=Piotr |author-link=Piotr Migoń |year=1996 |title=Evolution of granite landscapes in the Sudetes (Central Europe): some problems of interpretation |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=25–37 |doi=10.1016/s0016-7878(96)80065-4|bibcode=1996PrGA..107...25M}}</ref><ref name="TM2008" /> Granites are of [[Granite#Physical properties|S-type]].<ref name="Mazuretal2006" /> The granites and [[gneiss|grantic-gneisses]] of [[Izera]] in the west Sudetes are [[Anorogenic magmatism|disassociated]] from orogeny and thought to have formed during [[rift]]ing along a [[passive continental margin]].<ref name="Obercetal2005">{{cite journal |first1=T. |last1=Oberc-Dziedzic |last2=Pin |first2=C. |last3=Kryza |first3=R. |year=2005 |title=Early Palaeozoic crustal melting in an extensional setting: petrological and Sm–Nd evidence from the Izera granite-gneisses, Polish Sudetes |journal=[[International Journal of Earth Sciences]] | volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=354–368 |doi=10.1007/s00531-005-0507-y |bibcode=2005IJEaS..94..354O|s2cid=129243888}}</ref>{{efn-ua|Contrary to this case S-type granites are typically thought to come into existence concurrently or slightly after orogeny.<ref name="Obercetal2005" />}} The Karkonosze Granite, also in the west Sudetes, have been dated to have formed ''c''. 318 million years ago at the beginning of the Variscan orogeny.<ref name="Awdanetal2010">{{cite journal |last1=Awdankiewicz |first1=Marek |last2=Awdankiewicz |first2=Honorata |last3=Kryza |first3=Ryszard |last4=Rodinov |first4=Nickolay |year=2009 |title=SHRIMP zircon study of a micromonzodiorite dyke in the Karkonosze Granite, Sudetes (SW Poland): age constraints for late Variscan magmatism in Central Europe |journal=[[Geological Magazine]] | volume=147 |issue=1 |pages=77–85 |doi=10.1017/S001675680999015X|s2cid=129844097}}</ref> The Karkonosze Granite is [[intrusion (geology)|intruded]] by somewhat younger [[lamprophyre]] [[dyke (geology)|dykes]].<ref name="Awdanetal2010" />

A NW-SE to WNW-ESE oriented [[fault (geology)|strike-slip fault]] —the Intra-Sudetic fault— runs through the length of the Sudetes.<ref name="TM2008" /> The Intra-Sudetic fault is parallel with the [[Upper Elbe fault]] and [[Middle Oder fault]].<ref name="Mazuretal2006" /> Other main faults at the sudetes are also NW-SE oriented, [[Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults|dextral]] and of strike slip type. These include the Tłumaczów-Sienna Fault and the Marginal Sudetic Fault.<ref name="Oberc1991">{{cite journal |last1=Józef |first1=Oberc |year=1991 |title=Systems of main longitudinal strike-slip faults in the vicinity of the Góry Sowie Block (Sudetes) |url=https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/viewFile/8523/pdf_589 |journal=Kwartalnik Geologiczny |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=403–420}}</ref>