Editing Sub-Saharan Africa (section)

===East Africa===
{{Main|History of East Africa}}

====Sudan====
{{Further|History of Sudan}}

[[File:SphinxOfTaharqa.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sphinx]] of the Nubian Emperor [[Taharqa]]]]

[[Nubia]], covered by present-day northern [[Sudan]] and southern [[Egypt]], was referred to as "[[Aethiopia]]" ("land of the burnt face") by the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Lloyd A. |title=Romans and blacks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7MQOAAAAQAAJ&q=%22Sub-Saharan+Africa%22+Ethiopia+Aethiopia&pg=PA57 |page=57 |year=1989 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=0-415-03185-0 |access-date=20 October 2020 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://books.google.com/books?id=7MQOAAAAQAAJ&q=%22Sub-Saharan+Africa%22+Ethiopia+Aethiopia&pg=PA57 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nubia in her greatest phase is considered sub-Saharan Africa's oldest urban civilisation. Nubia was a major source of gold for the ancient world. Nubians built famous structures and numerous pyramids. Sudan, the site of ancient Nubia, has more pyramids than anywhere else in the world.<ref>Mokhtar (editor), AnciGent Civilizations of Africa Vo. II, General History of Africa, UNESCO, 1990</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2020}}

====Horn of Africa====
{{Main|Horn of Africa#History}}
{{Further|History of Ethiopia|History of Somalia|History of Eritrea|History of Djibouti|Ethiopian historiography}}

[[File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|thumb|[[Architecture of Somalia|Stone city]] of [[Gondershe]], Somalia]]

The [[Axumite Empire]] spanned the southern Sahara, south Arabia and the Sahel along the western shore of the [[Red Sea]]. Located in northern [[Ethiopia]] and [[Eritrea]], Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between India and the Mediterranean. Growing from the proto-Aksumite [[Iron Age]] period ({{circa}} 4th century&nbsp;BCE), it rose to prominence by the 1st century&nbsp;CE. The Aksumites constructed monolithic [[Stele|stelae]] to cover the graves of their kings, such as [[King Ezana's Stele]]. The later [[Zagwe dynasty]], established in the 12th century, built churches out of solid rock. These rock-hewn structures include the [[Church of Saint George, Lalibela|Church of St. George at Lalibela]].
[[File:ET Gondar asv2018-02 img03 Fasil Ghebbi.jpg|thumb|[[Fasil Ghebbi|Fasilides Castle]], [[Ethiopia]] ]]
In [[History of somalia#Ancient|ancient Somalia]], city-states flourished such as [[Opone]], [[Cape Guardafui|Mosyllon]] and [[Malao (ancient)|Malao]] that competed with the [[Sabaeans]], [[Parthia]]ns and [[Axumite Empire|Axumites]] for the wealthy [[India|Indo]]–[[Greco-Roman|Greco]]–[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] trade.<ref>Oman in history By Peter Vine Page 324</ref>

In the Middle Ages several powerful Somali empires dominated the region's trade, including the [[Ajuran Sultanate]], which excelled in [[hydraulic]] [[engineering]] and fortress building,<ref>Shaping of Somali society Lee Cassanelli pg.92</ref> the [[Sultanate of Adal]], whose General [[Ahmed Gurey]] was the first African commander in history to use cannon warfare on the continent during [[Abyssinian–Adal War|Adal's conquest]] of the [[Ethiopian Empire]],<ref>Futuh Al Habash Shibab ad Din</ref> and the [[Geledi Sultanate]], whose military dominance forced governors of the [[Oman|Omani empire]] north of the city of [[Lamu]] to pay tribute to the [[Somali people|Somali]] Sultan [[Ahmed Yusuf (Gobroon)|Ahmed Yusuf]].<ref>Sudan Notes and Records&nbsp;– 147</ref><ref>Somali Sultanate: The Geledi City-state Over 150 Years - Virginia Luling (2002) Page 229</ref><ref name="Dic xxix">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC |title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia |page=xxix |date=25 February 2003 |isbn=9780810866041 |access-date=15 February 2014 |last1=Mukhtar |first1=Mohamed Haji |publisher=Scarecrow Press |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216062140/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Southeast Africa====
{{Further|Southeast Africa#History|History of Africa#Southeast Africa}}

According to the theory of [[recent African origin of modern humans]], the mainstream position held within the scientific community, all humans originate from either Southeast Africa or the Horn of Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/505436 |pmid=16826514 |pmc=1559480 |title=A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=230–237 |year=2006 |last1=Liu |first1=Hua |last2=Prugnolle |first2=Franck |last3=Manica |first3=Andrea |author-link4=Francois Balloux |last4=Balloux |first4=François }}</ref> During the first millennium&nbsp;CE, [[Nilotic]] and [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-speaking peoples [[Bantu expansion|moved into the region]], and the latter now account for three-quarters of Kenya's population.

[[File:Tongoni Ruins.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Tongoni Ruins]] south of [[Tanga, Tanzania|Tanga]] in [[Tanzania]]]]

On the coastal section of Southeast Africa, a mixed Bantu community developed through contact with [[Muslim]] [[Arab]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African [[Swahili Coast|Swahili City States]].<ref>{{cite book |author=James De Vere Allen |title=Swahili Origins: Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon |year=1993 |url=https://archive.org/details/swahilioriginssw0000alle |url-access=registration }}</ref> The [[Swahili culture]] that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many [[Afro-Arab]] members of the Bantu [[Swahili people]]. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of [[Tanzania]] (particularly [[Zanzibar]]) and [[Kenya]]{{snd}} a seaboard referred to as the [[Swahili Coast]]{{snd}} the Bantu [[Swahili language]] contains many [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[loan-words]] as a consequence of these interactions.<ref>Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 114</ref>

The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the Southeast coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of [[Rhapta]], [[Azania]] and [[Menouthias]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Jens Finke |title=The Rough Guide to Tanzania |year=2010 |publisher=Rough Guides Limited |isbn=9781848360754 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781848360754 |url-access=registration }}</ref> referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50&nbsp;CE to 500&nbsp;CE.<ref>Casson, Lionel (1989). The Periplus Maris Erythraei. Lionel Casson. (Translation by H. Frisk, 1927, with updates and improvements and detailed notes). Princeton, Princeton University Press.</ref><ref>Chami, F. A. (1999). "The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland." Azania Vol. XXXIV 1999, pp. 1–10.</ref><ref>Chami, Felix A. 2002. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." From: Red Sea Trade and Travel. The British Museum. Sunday 6 October 2002. Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |title=Weilue: The Peoples of the West |publisher=Depts.washington.edu |date=23 May 2004 |access-date=29 September 2015 |archive-date=23 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223070446/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Miller, J. Innes. 1969. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. Oxford: University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-814264-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua_tAAAAMAAJ |title=Perspectives on the African past |date=8 January 2010 |access-date=10 August 2018 |last1=Klein |first1=Martin A. |last2=Wesley Johnson |first2=G. |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627010025/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua_tAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |translator1=Hill, John E. |date=September 2004 |url=http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |title=The Peoples of the West from the Weilue: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265&nbsp;CE |orig-date=429 CE |author1=Yu Huan |access-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315032618/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html |archive-date=15 March 2005 |language=English |at=Section&nbsp;15 and notes |via=Silk Road Seattle }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Evelyne Jone Rich |author2=Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein |title=Africa: Tradition and Change |year=1971 |page=124 |publisher=Random House School Division |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqafAAAAMAAJ |isbn=9780394009384 |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=10 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510082208/https://books.google.com/books?id=pqafAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach Southeast Africa during their migration.<ref name="Gonzales2009">{{cite book |author=Rhonda M. Gonzales |title=Societies, religion, and history: central-east Tanzanians and the world they created, c. 200&nbsp;BCE to 1800&nbsp;CE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6owAQAAIAAJ |date=30 August 2009 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-14242-7 |page=222 |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610094154/https://books.google.com/books?id=o6owAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Between the 14th and 15th centuries, large medieval Southeast African kingdoms and states emerged, such as the [[Buganda]],<ref name="Roland Oliver 1800. pp. 24-25">Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 24–25.</ref> [[Bunyoro]] and [[Karagwe]]<ref name="Roland Oliver 1800. pp. 24-25"/> kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania.

During the early 1960s, the Southeast African nations achieved independence from colonial rule.