Editing Studio Ghibli (section)

===Theatrical and home media rights===
====Japan====
In Japan, most of the company's films are distributed by [[Toho]] theatrically, except for ''[[Castle in the Sky]]'', ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]'' (which were distributed by [[Toei Company]] along with ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'') and ''[[My Neighbors the Yamadas]]'', which was distributed by [[Shochiku]].

For home media, a majority of Studio Ghibli releases are distributed by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Walt Disney Studios Japan]].<ref name=DisneyTokuma>{{cite web|title=The Disney-Tokuma Deal|url=http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/disney/|website=nausicaa.net|access-date= August 8, 2014|date=September 10, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229011953/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/disney/|archive-date=December 29, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pony Canyon]] occasionally releases Ghibli documentaries on home media, and distributes rental versions of Ghibli's movies under a deal with Disney.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} Pony Canyon also fully distributed the standalone version of ''[[Earwig and the Witch]]'' on home media.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Before the Disney deal, Tokuma Shoten released Ghibli movies themselves through their "Animage Video" imprint, as well as all [[LaserDisc]] releases of the movies, as the Disney deal did not include that format.

====International====
After purchasing the global distribution rights from World Film Corporation,<ref name="Hollywood Reporter">{{cite news |title=Manson to distrib animated 'Nausicaa' |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |date=15 December 1983 |page=4 }}</ref> [[Manson International]] and Showmen, Inc. produced a 95-minute English dub of ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'', titled ''Warriors of the Wind'',<ref name="Copyright">{{cite web |title=Warriors of the wind : a.k.a., Nausicaa / a co-production of Tokuma Shoten Publishing Co., Ltd., and Hakuhodo Co., Ltd. ; production Yasuyoshi Tokuma and Michitaka Kondo ; producer, Isao Takahata. |url= https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=%22showmen%20inc%20&Search_Code=FT*&CNT=25&PID=1svC8kvNcg-toUiMCySqcZi4mYiNI&SEQ=20230914225039&SID=2 |website=Copyright.gov |publisher=United States Copyright Office |access-date=14 September 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230915025642/https://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=%22showmen%20inc%22&Search_Code=FT%2A&CNT=25&PID=1svC8kvNcg-toUiMCySqcZi4mYiNI&SEQ=20230914225039&SID=2 |archive-date= 15 September 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> which was released theatrically in the United States by [[New World Pictures]] on June 14, 1985, followed by a VHS release in December 1985.<ref name="Screen Int'l 1">{{cite news |title=US theatrical releases in June |publisher=Screen International |date=8 June 1985 |page=12 |quote="New World: "Warriors Of The Wind" (Opens June 14, Florida only)"}}</ref><ref name="Boxoffice">{{cite news |title=In-Video Feature Chart |publisher=Boxoffice |date=1 December 1985 |page=13 }}</ref> The voice actors and actresses were not credited, and the film was [[Editing of anime in American distribution|heavily edited]] to give it a faster pace.<ref name="Screen Int'l 2">{{cite news |title=Manson International arrives at MIFED in a state of change|publisher=Screen International |date=27 October 1984 |page=220 |quote="It was dubbed in the US and shortened from two hours to one and a half hours to quicken the pacing."}}</ref> The film received a PG rating just like Disney's later English dub.<ref name="FAQ">{{cite web |url=http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/nausicaa/faq.html#warrior |title=FAQ |publisher=Nausicaa.net |access-date=June 30, 2008 | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509104203/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/nausicaa/faq.html#warrior |archive-date=May 9, 2008 }}</ref>  By removing several of the longer dialogue scenes, some of the environmentalist themes were simplified as was the main subplot of the Ohmu, altered to remove Nausicaä's childhood connection to them.<ref name="Schnittberichte">{{cite web |last1=Venom138 |title=Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (Comparison: Old International Version - Original Version) - Movie-Censorship.com |url=https://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=834 |website=Movie-Censorship |access-date=1 November 2023 |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101151708/https://www.movie-censorship.com/report.php?ID=834 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of the characters' names were changed, including the titular character who became Princess Zandra. The North American poster and VHS cover featured a cadre of male characters who are not in the film, riding the resurrected God Warrior—including a still-living Warrior shown briefly in a flashback. Overall, approximately 22 minutes was cut for North American release.<ref name="FAQ" /> ''Warriors of the Wind'' also prompted Miyazaki to allow translator [[Toren Smith]] of [[Studio Proteus]] to create an official, faithful translation of the ''Nausicaä'' manga for [[Viz Media]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=Toren |title=Site COMIC BOX |date=January 1, 1995 | script-title=ja:英語圏にも広がる新しい宮崎世代 |trans-title=The New Miyazaki Generation Spreading Even into English Speaking Countries. |url=https://www.comicbox.co.jp/comicbox/column/backnumber.html |language=ja |journal=Comic Box |publisher=Fusion Products |issue=98 |pages=44–47 |access-date=November 19, 2013 | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205614/http://www.comicbox.co.jp/comicbox/column/backnumber.html |archive-date=September 23, 2015 }}</ref>

In the late 1980s, an English dub of ''[[Castle in the Sky]]'' was produced for international [[Japan Airlines]] flights at the request of Tokuma Shoten. The ''Castle'' dub was briefly screened in the United States by [[Streamline Pictures]]. [[Carl Macek]], the head of Streamline, was disappointed with this dub, deeming it "adequate, but clumsy".<ref>{{cite news|last=Macek|first=Carl|title=ANN Cast Episode 23|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/anncast/2014-01-09|work=Anime News Network|access-date=January 11, 2014|time=48:49|quote=We didn't dub it. Streamline didn't dub it. And I told the people at Tokuma Shoten that I thought the dubbing was marginal on ''Laputa'' and I thought that it could be a better product if they had a better dubbing... To me, there's a certain element of class that you can bring to a project. ''Laputa'' is a very classy film, so it required a classy dub and the dub given to that particular film was adequate but clumsy. I didn't like it all... It's not something that I appreciated intellectually as well as aesthetically.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110221759/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/anncast/2014-01-09|archive-date=January 10, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Following this, Tokuma allowed Streamline to dub their future acquisitions ''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]'' and ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]''. In April 1993, [[Troma Entertainment|Troma Films]], under their 50th St. Films banner, distributed the ''Totoro'' dub as a theatrical release, and the dub was later released onto VHS and eventually onto DVD by [[20th Century Fox Home Entertainment]]. In the early 1990s, an English dub of ''[[Porco Rosso]]'' was produced by Ward Sexton in Japan, again for international Japan Airlines flights.<ref name="ResidentEvilBook">{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=Philip J |editor1-last=Durham |editor1-first=Gabe |title=Resident Evil |date=2020 |publisher=Boss Fight Books |isbn=978-1-940535-25-8 |edition=First |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4I_zDwAAQBAJ |access-date=March 19, 2023 |language=English |chapter=In the Mouth of Madness}}</ref><ref name="ResidentEvilActors">{{cite web |last1=Reed |first1=Philip J. |title=REactors |url=https://noiselesschatter.com/2020/05/18/reactors/ |website=Noiseless Chatter |access-date=January 19, 2024 |date=May 18, 2020 |archive-date=January 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119172325/https://noiselesschatter.com/2020/05/18/reactors/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The original dubs can be seen on the 1996 Ghibli ga Ippai Laserdisc set, the initial copies for the Japanese DVD releases of ''Totoro'', ''Laputa'' and ''Porco'', and Fox's VHS and DVD release of ''Totoro''.

In 1996, [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]] acquired worldwide distribution rights to the Studio Ghibli library, with Disney redubbing all previously dubbed films.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Pollack|first=Andrew|date=July 24, 1996|title=Disney in Pact for Films of the Top Animator in Japan|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/24/business/disney-in-pact-for-films-of-the-top-animator-in-japan.html|access-date=May 28, 2020|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603190332/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/07/24/business/disney-in-pact-for-films-of-the-top-animator-in-japan.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=GKIDS Takes Over U.S. Studio Ghibli Distribution From Disney|url=https://kotaku.com/gkids-takes-over-u-s-studio-ghibli-distribution-from-d-1797730952|last=D'Anastasio|first=Cecilia|date=August 10, 2017|website=kotaku.com|access-date=May 28, 2020|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807155235/https://kotaku.com/gkids-takes-over-u-s-studio-ghibli-distribution-from-d-1797730952|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, Walt Disney Studios Japan agreed to contribute 10% of the funding for all future releases, starting with ''[[My Neighbors the Yamadas]]'', in exchange for [[right of first refusal]] regarding international distribution.<ref name=":3" /> Disney continues with this practice to this day, even extending it to the works of [[Studio Ponoc]] and to co-productions like ''[[The Red Turtle]]'' in Japan. It reportedly took four years for Disney and Studio Ghibli to reach a distribution deal. Originally, the Ghibli films were meant to headline a line of videos called ''Animation Celebration'', highlighting critically acclaimed animated films from around the world. These plans never materialized in full, but the ''Animation Celebration'' logo can be seen on Disney's original VHS release of ''[[Kiki's Delivery Service]]''. During Disney's tenure, the studio produced the English dubs and released 15 of Ghibli's films, plus ''[[Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)|Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind]]'', through the [[Walt Disney Pictures]], [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Buena Vista Home Video]], [[Miramax]] (now-owned by [[Paramount Global|Paramount]]) and [[Touchstone Pictures]] banners.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=The long, ugly history between Disney and Studio Ghibli|url=https://www.polygon.com/animation-cartoons/2020/5/27/21272224/disney-studio-ghibli-partnership-dubs-history|last=Spiegel|first=Josh|date=May 27, 2020|website=polygon.com|access-date=May 28, 2020|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603003621/https://www.polygon.com/animation-cartoons/2020/5/27/21272224/disney-studio-ghibli-partnership-dubs-history|url-status=live}}</ref>

Disney and Ghibli have also selectively chosen not to promote and record an English-dubbed version for films and works deemed less internationally marketable, including some of Takahata's more developmental and obscure pieces.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal | last1=Rendell | first1=James | last2=Denison | first2=Rayna |author2-link=Rayna Denison |title=Introducing Studio Ghibli | journal=[[East Asian Journal of Popular Culture]] | volume=4 | issue=1 | date=2018-04-01 | issn=2051-7084 | doi=10.1386/eapc.4.1.5_2 | pages=5–14 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although the Studio has a "No cuts" policy in terms of international versions and dubs, this does not apply to promotional posters, etc., for which the film makers collaborate with Disney to produce cultural appropriate international versions. The Studio has not shied away from rebranding on the international stage in order to convey tweaked promotional imagery for different cultural norms. One example of these tweaks to international promotional materials can be seen between the Japanese and English versions of the movie poster for ''Spirited Away'' (2001). For American and other English-speaking audiences, the name of the film was changed from the Japanese version, which directly translates roughly to, "The Disappearance of Chihiro and Sen", to ''Spirited Away'' to suggest more mystical, otherworldly themes, since the direct Japanese translation could be taken to mean that Chihiro/Sen disappeared due to some more dangerous reason. On the American movie poster, more pictures of spirits from the film were added to the background to further pique the viewer's interest with more supernatural themes, creating an association between the pictures spirits and what most American people would think of as "ghosts". For the Japanese poster, there are fewer spirits as the Japanese Shinto religion normalizes the existence of spirits, so less emphasis is needed to convey the importance of non-human spirits. Also, Disney enlarged the "Studio Ghibli" and "Hayao Miyazaki" labels on the poster, helping to bring greater awareness to the studio through the success of ''Spirited Away''.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Carter | first=Laz | title=Marketing anime to a global audience: A paratextual analysis of promotional materials from ''Spirited Away'' | journal=[[East Asian Journal of Popular Culture]] | volume=4 | issue=1 | date=2018-04-01 | issn=2051-7084 | doi=10.1386/eapc.4.1.47_1 | pages=47–59 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2011, [[GKIDS]] acquired the North American theatrical distribution rights of the aforementioned Ghibli films, with [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]] retaining the home video rights.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marechal|first=AJ|date=September 7, 2011|title=GKids to release Miyazaki toons in U.S.|work=Variety|url=https://variety.com/2011/film/news/gkids-to-release-miyazaki-toons-in-u-s-1118042372/|access-date=May 28, 2020|archive-date=December 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222115730/http://variety.com/2011/film/news/gkids-to-release-miyazaki-toons-in-u-s-1118042372/|url-status=live}}</ref> Afterwards, in 2013, GKIDS acquired the US and Canadian distribution rights to ''[[From Up on Poppy Hill]]''. The film, which Disney passed on to GKIDS due to dealing with potential incest, marked the first time since 1996 that Disney handed a Studio Ghibli film off to another distributor. Afterwards, GKIDS would go on to distribute the films Disney found to be too mature or unmarketable for American audiences: ''[[Only Yesterday (1991 film)|Only Yesterday]]'', ''[[Ocean Waves (film)|Ocean Waves]]'', ''[[The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (film)|The Tale of the Princess Kaguya]]'' and ''[[When Marnie Was There (film)|When Marnie Was There]]''. In July 2017, Disney relinquished its home video rights (with the exception of ''[[The Wind Rises]]'', which remained with Disney until 2020 due to a distribution clause) to GKIDS, which handles all theatrical and home media distribution of Ghibli films in North America along with ''[[Mary and the Witch's Flower]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Nevertheless, Disney still continues to handle select distribution in Japan (home media), Taiwan and China (Both under [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures#International distribution|Buena Vista International]] brand).

GKIDS' home media releases have been handled by multiple distributors. [[Cinedigm]] distributed the home media release of ''Poppy Hill'', [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment]] distributed the home media releases of ''Kaguya'', ''Marnie'', ''Mary'', ''Yesterday'' and ''Waves'', and [[Shout! Factory]] all subsequent releases thus far. The Ghibli films owned by GKIDS were made available for digital purchases on most major services in the United States and Canada on December 17, 2019, through Shout! Factory.<ref name="verge-purchase">{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/17/21026683/studio-ghibli-movies-digital-purchase-streaming-hbo-max-grave-of-fireflies | title = Studio Ghibli movies are finally available to purchase digitally — but missing a major title | first = Julia | last = Alexander | date = December 17, 2019 | access-date = December 17, 2019 | work = [[The Verge]] | archive-date = December 17, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191217221649/https://www.theverge.com/2019/12/17/21026683/studio-ghibli-movies-digital-purchase-streaming-hbo-max-grave-of-fireflies | url-status = live }}</ref>

Outside Asia (including Japan) and North America since 2003, Goodfellas (a former subsidiary of [[Wild Bunch (company)|Wild Bunch]], formerly known as Wild Bunch International) has been Studio Ghibli's international sales holder.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keslassy |first=Elsa |date=2023-03-29 |title=Wild Bunch International Renames Itself as Goodfellas |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/wild-bunch-international-renames-goodfellas-1235567894/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

Individual rights to Ghibli's films are held by various third parties, including Elysian Film Group and [[Anonymous Content]] (United Kingdom and Ireland),{{efn|Currently, this deal only includes ''[[Earwig and the Witch]]'' (owned solely by Elysian), ''[[My Neighbor Totoro]]'' (under the title ''My Neighbour Totoro''),<ref>{{cite web|title=Studio Ghibli Classic My Neighbour Totoro Confirmed For UK Re-Release In Cinemas This Summer|website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|first=Jordan|last=King|date=4 July 2024|access-date=26 July 2024|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/studio-ghibli-classic-my-neighbour-totoro-confirmed-for-uk-re-release-in-cinemas-this-summer/|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726213113/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/studio-ghibli-classic-my-neighbour-totoro-confirmed-for-uk-re-release-in-cinemas-this-summer/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Spirited Away]]'',<ref name=ds>{{cite web|title=Two Studio Ghibli classics are coming back to UK cinemas|website=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Joe|last=Anderton|date=20 October 2024|access-date=3 November 2024|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a62660379/spirited-away-howls-moving-castle-uk-cinemas/}}</ref> ''[[Howl's Moving Castle (film)|Howl's Moving Castle]]''<ref name=ds /> and ''[[The Boy and the Heron]]'' (under a three-way partnership with [[Bleecker Street (company)|Bleecker Street]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosser |first=Michael |title=Hayao Miyazaki's 'The Boy And The Heron' lands UK-Ireland distribution |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/hayao-miyazakis-the-boy-and-the-heron-lands-uk-ireland-distribution/5185852.article |date=2023-09-12 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=Screen Daily |language=en |archive-date=September 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927075357/https://www.screendaily.com/news/hayao-miyazakis-the-boy-and-the-heron-lands-uk-ireland-distribution/5185852.article |url-status=live }}</ref>). [[StudioCanal UK]] formerly distributed Ghibli's films in the United Kingdom, until the contract ended following a lawsuit between them and Goodfellas in December 2022. The StudioCanal deal also included DVD and Blu-ray distribution of ''[[The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun]]'' and ''[[The Castle of Cagliostro]]'', the first full-length feature films directed by [[Isao Takahata]] and [[Hayao Miyazaki]], respectively.}} Wild Bunch (France and Belgium),{{efn|Home video rights are held by Wild Bunch subsidiary Wild Side, with [[Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]] as distributor.}}<ref name=WildBunch>{{cite web|last1=Hopewell|first1=John|last2=Keslassy|first2=Elsa|title=Wild Bunch, Miyazaki Re-Team on The Wind Rises|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/global/wild-bunch-miyazaki-re-team-on-the-wind-rises-1200581548/|website=Variety.com|publisher=Variety|access-date=August 8, 2014|date=August 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004451/https://variety.com/2013/film/global/wild-bunch-miyazaki-re-team-on-the-wind-rises-1200581548/|archive-date=February 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Leonine Holding|Leonine]] (Germany), [[Gutek Film]] (Poland), [[Lucky Red]] (Italy), [[Vértigo Films]] (Spain),{{efn|Co-distributed by [[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] as of 2018.}} [[Crunchyroll Store Australia]] (Australia and New Zealand){{efn|Until 2019, [[Madman Entertainment]] through its former Madman Anime Group division handled distribution of Ghibli's films in Australia and New Zealand.}} and [[Encore Films]]/[[mm2 Entertainment]]{{efn|Currently, the Encore Films deal only covers current releases where titles are theatrically co-distributed by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] in India as well as key markets in Southeast Asia beginning with ''The Boy and the Heron'' while mm2 handles catalog distribution in Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, and Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|title=Miyazaki Hayao's Studio Ghibli, MM2 Ink Southeast Asia Distribution Deal|website=Variety.com|publisher=Variety|access-date=November 3, 2024|date=October 3, 2024|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/miyazaki-hayao-studio-ghibli-southeast-asia-rerelease-1236166940/|archive-date=October 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006234915/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/miyazaki-hayao-studio-ghibli-southeast-asia-rerelease-1236166940/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} in Southeast Asia.

Notably, ''[[Arrietty|The Secret World of Arrietty]]'' received a second dub exclusive to the United Kingdom, produced by StudioCanal UK, likely due to the film's origins being from [[Mary Norton (author)|Mary Norton]]'s British novel ''[[The Borrowers]]''.

Disney formerly held international sales rights until they were sold off to Goodfellas (then Wild Bunch) in 2003. Disney kept the French distribution rights to Ghibli's library until September 2020, when it had expired and transitioned off to Wild Bunch.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1304350606837067776|user=WildBunch|title=Wild Bunch est fier de retrouver son...|date=September 11, 2020}}</ref> Since 2021, [[Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]] serves as the home media distributor of Studio Ghibli's catalog via its distribution deal with Wild Bunch through the Wild Side Vidéo label.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvdfr.com/dvd/f168541-voyage-de-chihiro.html|title=Le Voyage de Chihiro (2001) - Blu-ray|date=December 2, 2021|website=DVD.fr|access-date=December 19, 2021|archive-date=December 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219182954/https://www.dvdfr.com/dvd/f168541-voyage-de-chihiro.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvdfr.com/dvd/f168542-mon-voisin-totoro.html|title=Mon Voisin Totoro (1988) - Blu-ray|date=December 2, 2021|website=DVD.fr|access-date=December 2, 2021|archive-date=December 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202083615/https://www.dvdfr.com/dvd/f168542-mon-voisin-totoro.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvdfr.com/dvd/f168545-kiki-la-petite-sorciere.html|title=Kiki, la petite sorcière (1989) - Blu-ray|date=December 2, 2021|website=DVD.fr|access-date=December 19, 2021|archive-date=December 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219181409/https://www.dvdfr.com/dvd/f168545-kiki-la-petite-sorciere.html|url-status=live}}</ref>