Editing Stockton, California (section)

===20th century===
[[File:Swinton-holt-stockton-1918.jpg|thumb|left| [[Benjamin Holt]] (left) with British Col. [[Ernest Dunlop Swinton]] in Stockton, April 1918. The vehicle on the right is a Holt tractor; on the left is a miniature replica of [[British heavy tanks of World War I|a British tank]].]]
[[File:Stockton CA Sikh Temple.jpg|thumb|First Sikh temple in the United States, built in Stockton in 1912]]

On Thanksgiving Day, November 24, 1904, Holt successfully tested the first workable [[continuous track|continuous track tread]] machine, plowing soggy [[Sacramento – San Joaquin River Delta|San Joaquin Valley Delta]] farmland.<ref name="laird">{{cite web|url=http://www.wastehandling.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&id=47C5DE563581487B9E4394B939909F9E&tier=4|title=Benjamin Holt (1849–1920): The Father of the Caterpillar tractor|last=Pernie|first=Gwenyth Laird|date=March 3, 2009}} {{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Company photographer Charles Clements was reported to have observed that the tractor crawled like a caterpillar, and Holt seized on the metaphor. "Caterpillar it is. That's the name for it."<ref name="lea">{{cite web |last=Lea |first=Ralph |date=February 16, 2008 |title=Ben Holt pioneered tractors for farming, construction, war |url=http://www.lodinews.com/articles/2008/02/16/features/1_vintage_080216.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091111140403/http://www.lodinews.com/articles/2008/02/16/features/1_vintage_080216.txt |archive-date=November 11, 2009 |access-date=February 27, 2008 |publisher=Lodi News-Sentinel}}</ref>

On April 22, 1918, British Army Col. [[Ernest Dunlop Swinton]] visited Stockton while on a tour of the United States. The British and French armies were using many hundreds of Holt tractors to haul heavy guns and supplies during [[World War I]], and Swinton publicly thanked Holt and his workforce for their contribution to the war effort.<ref>''Caterpillar Times'' report, May 1918, pages 5 to 8.</ref> During 1914 and 1915, Swinton had advocated basing some sort of armored fighting vehicle on Holt's caterpillar tractors, but without success (although Britain did develop tanks, they came from a separate source and were not directly derived from Holt machines).<ref>''Eyewitness, being Personal Reminiscences of Certain Phases of the Great War, Including the Genesis of the Tank,'' by Major-General Sir Ernest D. Swinton. (Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1933) Throughout.</ref> After the appearance of tanks on the battlefield, Holt built a prototype, the [[Holt gas–electric tank|gas–electric tank]], but it did not enter production.

On January 10, 1920, a major fire on Main Street threatened an entire city block. At about 2 a.m., a blaze was discovered in the basement of the Yost-Dohrmann store, which was gutted, and adjacent businesses were damaged by flames and water. Damage was estimated at $150,000.<ref>United Press, “Stockton Is Scene Of $150,000 Fire,” ''Riverside Daily Press'', Riverside, California, Saturday January 10, 1920, Volume XXXV, Number 9, page 1.</ref>

By 1931, the [[Stockton Electric Railroad]] Co. operated 40 [[streetcar]]s over {{convert|28|mi|km}} of track.<ref name="hwd">{{cite book | author=Demoro, Harre W.| title=California's Electric Railways| publisher=[[Interurban Press]]|location=[[Glendale, California]]| year=1986| page=202| isbn=978-0-916374-74-7}}</ref>

Stockton is the site of the first [[Sikh]] temple in the United States; [[Gurdwara Sahib Stockton]] opened on October 24, 1912. It was founded by Baba Jawala Singh and Baba Wasakha Singh, successful Punjabi immigrants who farmed and owned {{convert|500|acres|0|abbr=on}} on the Holt River.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Stockton Gurwara|url=http://sikhcentury.us/stockton-gurdwara-history/|access-date=September 22, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927184319/http://sikhcentury.us/stockton-gurdwara-history/|archive-date=September 27, 2013}}</ref>

In 1933, the [[Port of Stockton|port]] was modernized, and the Stockton Deepwater Channel, which improved water passage to [[San Francisco Bay]], was deepened and completed. This created commercial opportunities that fueled the city's growth. [[Ruff and Ready Island Naval Supply Depot]] was established, placing Stockton in a strategic position during the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic California Posts: Stockton Ordnance Depot |url=http://californiamilitaryhistory.org/StocktonOrdDepot.html |website=californiamilitaryhistory.org |publisher=The California State Military Museum |access-date=September 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214014614/http://californiamilitaryhistory.org/StocktonOrdDepot.html |archive-date=December 14, 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> During the [[Great Depression]] the town's canning industry became the battleground of a labor dispute resulting in the [[Stockton Cannery Strike of 1937|Spinach Riot]] of 1937.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19370427.2.62#|title=The Cornell Daily Sun 27 April 1937 — The Cornell Daily Sun|website=cdsun.library.cornell.edu|access-date=July 16, 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Stockton, California. Part of the Stockton Assembly center as seen at noon on a hot day. This cent . . . - NARA - 537725 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Partial view of the Stockton Assembly Center]]
During [[World War II]], the Stockton Assembly Center was built on the San Joaquin County Fairgrounds, a few blocks from what was then the city center. One of 15 temporary detention sites run by the [[War Relocation Authority|Wartime Civilian Control Administration]], the center held some 4,200 [[Internment of Japanese Americans|Japanese-Americans removed]] from their West Coast homes under [[Executive Order 9066]], while they waited for transfer to more permanent and isolated camps in the interior of the country. The center opened on May 10, 1942, and operated until October 17, when the majority of its population was sent to [[Rohwer War Relocation Center|Rohwer]], Arkansas. The former incarceration site was named a California Historical Landmark in 1980, and in 1984 a marker was erected at the entrance to the fairgrounds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Stockton%20%28detention%20facility%29/ |title=Stockton (detention facility) |publisher=Densho Encyclopedia |access-date=August 8, 2014}}</ref>

In 1979, the development of a residential area in Stockton at a burial ground of the tribe unearthed two hundred [[Miwok]] remains. In an attempt to prevent the further desecration of the burial grounds, a descendant of the people initiated a legal case which became ''[[Wana the Bear v. Community Construction]]'' (1982). The decision ultimately sided with the development company, which was heavily criticized by Native Americans as a display of [[ethnocentrism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Echo-Hawk |first=Walter |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/646788565 |title=In the Courts of the Conqueror : the 10 Worst Indian Law Cases Ever Decided. |date=2010 |publisher=Fulcrum |isbn=978-1-55591-788-3 |location=New York |oclc=646788565}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/817236389 |title=The future of the past : archaeologists, Native Americans, and repatriation |date=2001 |publisher=Garland Pub |others=Tamara L. Bray |isbn=978-1-136-54352-4 |location=New York |pages=15 |oclc=817236389}}</ref>

In September 1996, the [[Base Realignment and Closure|Base Realignment and Closure Commission]] announced the final closure of Stockton's Naval Reserve Center on Rough and Ready Island. Formerly known as [[Ruff and Ready Island Naval Supply Depot]], the island's facilities had served as a major communications outpost for submarine activities in the Pacific during the Cold War. The site is slowly being redeveloped as commercial property.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recordnet.com/article/20100815/A_BIZ/8140312|title=Ready, no longer Rough|access-date=July 16, 2016}}</ref>