Editing Stockholm syndrome (section)

== Criticism ==

=== Robbins and Anthony (1982) ===
Robbins and Anthony, who had historically studied a condition similar to Stockholm syndrome, known as ''destructive cult disorder'', observed in their 1982 study that the 1970s were rich with apprehension surrounding the potential risks of brainwashing. They assert that media attention to brainwashing during this time resulted in the fluid reception of Stockholm syndrome as a psychological condition.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Young |first1=Elizabeth Aileen |title=The use of the 'Brainwashing' Theory by the Anti-cult Movement in the United States of America, pre-1996 |journal=Zeitschrift für junge Religionswissenschaft |date=31 December 2012 |issue=7 |doi=10.4000/zjr.387 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== FBI law enforcement bulletin (1999) ===
A 1999 report by the FBI containing more than 1,200 hostage incidents found that only 8% of kidnapping victims showed signs of Stockholm syndrome.<ref name="FBI-1999">{{cite journal |last=Fuselier |first=G. Dwayne |date=July 1999 |title=Placing the Stockholm Syndrome in Perspective |journal=[[FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin]] |volume=68 |issue=7 |pages=22–25 |url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/fbi/stockholm_syndrome.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627010420/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/fbi/stockholm_syndrome.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2004 |s2cid=10256916 }}</ref> When victims who showed only negative feeling toward the law enforcement personnel are excluded, the percentage decreases to 5%. A survey of 600 police agencies in 1989, performed by the FBI and the University of Vermont, found not a single case when emotional involvement between the victim and the kidnapper interfered with or jeopardized an assault. In short, this database provides empirical support that the Stockholm syndrome remains a rare occurrence. The sensational nature of dramatic cases causes the public to perceive this phenomenon as the rule rather than the exception. The bulletin concludes that, although depicted in fiction and movies and often referred to by the news media, the phenomenon actually occurs rarely. Therefore, crisis negotiators should place the Stockholm syndrome in proper perspective.<ref name="FBI-1999"/>

=== Namnyak et al. (2008) ===
A research group led by Namnyak has found that although there is vast media coverage of Stockholm syndrome, there has not been much research into the phenomenon. What little research has been done is often contradictory and does not always agree on what Stockholm syndrome is. The term has grown beyond kidnappings to all definitions of abuse. It stated that there is no clear definition of symptoms to diagnose the syndrome.<ref name="Namnyak_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Namnyak M, Tufton N, Szekely R, Toal M, Worboys S, Sampson EL | title = 'Stockholm syndrome': psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth? | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 117 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–11 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18028254 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01112.x | s2cid = 39620244 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5819575 }}</ref>

=== ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual'' (DSM 5, 2013) ===
The [[DSM-5]] is widely used as the "classification system for psychological disorders" by the [[American Psychiatric Association]].<ref name="Adorjan_2012"/> Stockholm syndrome has not historically appeared in the manual, as many believe it falls under [[trauma bonding]] or [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD) and there is no consensus about the correct clarification. In addition, there is no extensive body of research or consensus to help solve the argument,{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} although before the fifth edition (DSM 5) was released, Stockholm syndrome was under consideration to be included under 'Disorders of Extreme Stress, Not Otherwise Specified'.<ref name="Adorjan_2012"/>

=== Allan Wade (2015) ===
At Dignity Conference 2015, Dr. Allan Wade presented ''The myth of "Stockholm Syndrome" (and other concepts invented to discredit women victims of violence)'' after interviewing Kristin Enmark. In this presentation he posits that "Stockholm Syndrome" and related ideas such as "traumatic bonding", "learned helplessness", "battered women's syndrome", "internalized oppression", and "identification with the aggressor/oppressor" shift the focus away from actual events in context to invented pathologies in the minds of victims, particularly women. "Stockholm syndrome" can be seen as one of many concepts used to silence individuals who, as victims, speak publicly about negative social (i.e., institutional) responses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Therapist challenges Stockholm Syndrome |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/hawkes-bay-today/news/therapist-challenges-stockholm-syndrome/KMTRRU45XUYDFC2VXJ5D6G5ITU/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2015 |url-status=usurped |title=The myth of 'Stockholm Syndrome' |url=http://www.relationshipcouplescounselling.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Stockholm-Syn-Hawkes-Bay-Abridged.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123171122/http://www.relationshipcouplescounselling.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Stockholm-Syn-Hawkes-Bay-Abridged.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2016 |language=en |access-date=18 July 2023 |first=Allan |last=Wade}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rethinking Stockholm Syndrome | date=11 October 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drI4HFJkbCc |access-date=2023-03-14 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Jess Hill (2019) ===
In her 2019 treatise on [[domestic violence]] ''See What You Made Me Do'', Australian journalist Jess Hill described the syndrome as a "dubious pathology with no diagnostic criteria", and stated that it is "riddled with [[misogyny]] and founded on a lie"; she also noted that a 2008 [[literature review]] revealed "most diagnoses [of Stockholm syndrome] are made by the media, not by psychologists or psychiatrists." In particular, Hill's analysis revealed that Stockholm authorities – under direct guidance from Bejerot – responded to the robbery in a way that put the hostages at greater risk from the police than from their captors (hostage Kristin Enmark, who during the siege was granted a telephone call with Swedish Prime Minister [[Olof Palme]], reported that Palme told her that the government would not negotiate with criminals, and that "you will have to content yourself that you will have died at your post"); as well, she observed that not only was Bejerot's diagnosis of Enmark made without ever having spoken to her, it was in direct response to her public criticism of his actions during the siege.<ref name=JessHill/>