Editing Stem cell (section)

=== Mesenchymal stem cells ===
{{Main|Mesenchymal stem cell}}
[[File:Human mesenchymal stem cells.gif|thumb|Human mesenchymal stem cells]]
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) or mesenchymal stromal cells, also known as medicinal signaling cells are known to be multipotent, which can be found in adult tissues, for example, in the muscle, liver, bone marrow and adipose tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells usually function as structural support in various organs as mentioned above, and control the movement of substances. MSC can differentiate into numerous cell categories as an illustration of adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, derived by the mesodermal layer.<ref name="Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zomer HD, Vidane AS, Gonçalves NN, Ambrósio CE | title = Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells: general insights and clinical perspectives | journal =  Stem Cells and Cloning: Advances and Applications| volume = 8 | pages = 125–134 | date = 2015-09-28 | pmid = 26451119 | pmc = 4592031 | doi = 10.2147/SCCAA.S88036 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Where the mesoderm layer provides an increase to the body's skeletal elements, such as relating to the cartilage or bone. The term "meso" means middle, infusion originated from the Greek, signifying that mesenchymal cells are able to range and travel in early embryonic growth among the ectodermal and endodermal layers. This mechanism helps with space-filling thus, key for repairing wounds in adult organisms that have to do with mesenchymal cells in the dermis (skin), bone, or muscle.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caplan AI | title = Mesenchymal stem cells | journal = Journal of Orthopaedic Research | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 641–650 | date = September 1991 | pmid = 1870029 | doi = 10.1002/jor.1100090504 | s2cid = 22606668 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Mesenchymal stem cells are known to be essential for regenerative medicine. They are broadly studied in [[List of countries by stem cell research trials|clinical trials]]. Since they are easily isolated and obtain high yield, high plasticity, which makes able to facilitate inflammation and encourage cell growth, cell differentiation, and restoring tissue derived from immunomodulation and immunosuppression. MSC comes from the bone marrow, which requires an aggressive procedure when it comes to isolating the quantity and quality of the isolated cell, and it varies by how old the donor. When comparing the rates of MSC in the bone marrow aspirates and bone marrow stroma, the aspirates tend to have lower rates of MSC than the stroma. MSC are known to be heterogeneous, and they express a high level of pluripotent markers when compared to other types of stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells.<ref name="Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent"/> MSCs injection leads to wound healing primarily through stimulation of angiogenesis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krasilnikova |first1=O. A. |last2=Baranovskii |first2=D. S. |last3=Lyundup |first3=A. V. |last4=Shegay |first4=P. V. |last5=Kaprin |first5=A. D. |last6=Klabukov |first6=I. D. |date=2022-04-27 |title=Stem and Somatic Cell Monotherapy for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Review of Clinical Studies and Mechanisms of Action |journal=Stem Cell Reviews and Reports |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=1974–1985 |doi=10.1007/s12015-022-10379-z |issn=2629-3277 |pmid=35476187|s2cid=248402820 }}</ref>