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==Geography== ===Geographic features=== [[File:LaJolla California.JPG|thumb|right| View from [[La Jolla Cove]] in [[San Diego]]]] [[File:Telegraph Cucamonga and Ontario Peaks.jpg|thumb|right|Peaks in the eastern [[San Gabriel Mountains]], [[Angeles National Forest]], San Bernardino County]] [[File:Yucca_Valley_California_2017.jpg|thumb|right|[[Yucca Valley]] with Visitor Center in Background in June 2017]] [[File:Sunset pier.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ocean Beach, San Diego|Ocean Beach]] Sunset in San Diego]] {{Colbegin}} * [[Algodones Dunes]] (Imperial County) * [[Angeles National Forest]] (Los Angeles, San Bernardino, & Ventura Counties) * [[Antelope Hills, California|Antelope Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Antelope Valley]] (Los Angeles & Kern Counties) * [[Arroyo Seco (Los Angeles County)|Arroyo Seco]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Bacon Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Baldwin Hills (mountain range)|Baldwin Hills]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Ballona Wetlands]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Big Bear Lake]] (San Bernardino County) * [[Bissell Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Black Hills (Kern County)|Black Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Bolsa Chica Ecological Reserve|Bolsa Chica Estuary]] (Orange County) * [[Buena Vista Hills (Kern County)|Buena Vista Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Buena Vista Lake]] (Kern County) * [[Cajon Pass]] (San Bernardino County) * [[Calico Mountains (California)|Calico Mountains]] (San Bernardino County) * [[Channel Islands of California|Channel Islands]] (Santa Barbara, Ventura & Los Angeles Counties) * [[Castaic Lake]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Chino Hills]] (Orange, Los Angeles, Riverside & San Bernardino Counties) * [[Coachella Valley]] (Riverside County) * [[Colorado Desert]] (San Bernardino, Riverside, Imperial, & San Diego Counties) * [[Colorado River]] (San Bernardino, Riverside & Imperial Counties, Baja California & Sonora) * [[Conejo Valley]] (Los Angeles & Ventura Counties) * [[Cucamonga Valley]] (San Bernardino & Riverside Counties) * [[Cuyamaca Mountains]] (San Diego County) * [[Death Valley]] (San Bernardino & Inyo Counties) * [[Diablo Range]] (Kern County) * [[Diamond Valley Lake]] (Riverside County) * [[Elk Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Elkhorn Hills]] (San Luis Obispo County) * [[El Mirage Lake]] (San Bernardino County) * [[El Paso Mountains]] (Kern County) * [[Gaviota Coast]] (Santa Barbara County) * [[Greenhorn Mountains]] (Kern County) * [[High Desert (California)|High Desert]] (Los Angeles, Kern, Inyo, & San Bernardino Counties) * [[Horned Toad Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Imperial Valley]] (Imperial County) * [[Irish Hills (California)|Irish Hills]] (San Luis Obispo County) * [[In-Ko-Pah Mountains]] (San Diego County) * [[Inland Empire (CA)|Inland Empire]] (Riverside & San Bernardino Counties) * [[Jacumba Mountains]] (San Diego County) * [[Jawbone Canyon]] (Kern County) * [[Kern River]] (Kern County) * [[La Jolla Cove]] (San Diego County) * [[Laguna Mountains]] (San Diego County) * [[Lake Arrowhead, California|Lake Arrowhead]] (San Bernardino County) * [[Lake Casitas]] (Ventura County) * [[Lake Elsinore]] (Riverside County) * [[Lake Isabella]] (Kern County) * [[Lake Perris]] (Riverside County) * [[Lake Piru]] (Ventura County) * [[Lakeview Mountains]] (Riverside County) * [[Lake Webb]] (Kern County) * [[Little San Bernardino Mountains]] (Riverside & San Bernardino Counties) * [[Little Signal Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Los Angeles Basin]] (Los Angeles & Orange Counties) * [[Los Angeles River]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Los Padres National Forest]] (Kern, Los Angeles, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, & Ventura Counties) * [[Lost Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Low Desert]] (Imperial, San Diego, Riverside & San Bernardino Counties) * [[Mojave Desert]] (Los Angeles, Kern, Riverside & San Bernardino Counties) * [[Mojave River]] (San Bernardino County) * [[Mount San Antonio]] (Los Angeles County) * [[New River (Mexico–United States)|New River]] (Imperial County, Mexicali Municipality) * [[Nine Sisters]] (San Luis Obispo County) * [[Ojai Valley]] (Ventura County) * [[Orange Coast]] (Orange County) * [[Oxnard Plain]] (Ventura County) * [[Palomar Mountain]] (San Diego County) * [[Palo Verde Valley]] (Riverside & Imperial Counties) * [[Palos Verdes Hills|Palos Verdes Peninsula]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Panamint Range]] (Inyo County) * [[Peninsular Ranges]] (San Diego, Riverside, & Orange Counties) * [[Pleito Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Point Loma]] (San Diego County) * [[Point Mugu]] (Ventura County) * [[Point of Rocks (Kern County, California)|Point of Rocks]] (Kern County) * [[Pomona Valley]] (Los Angeles & San Bernardino Counties) * [[Providence Mountains]] (San Bernardino County) * [[Puente Hills]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Pyramid Lake (Los Angeles County, California)|Pyramid Lake]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Rand Mountains]] (Kern County) * [[Rio Hondo (California)|Rio Hondo]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Rosamond Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Saddleback Valley]] (Orange County) * [[Salton Sea]] (Imperial & Riverside Counties) * [[San Andreas Fault]] (All Counties) * [[San Bernardino Mountains]] (San Bernardino County) * [[San Bernardino National Forest]] (Riverside & San Bernardino Counties) * [[San Bernardino Valley]] (San Bernardino County) * [[San Diego Bay]] (San Diego County) * [[San Diego River]] (San Diego County) * [[San Emigdio Mountains]] (Los Angeles, Ventura, & Kern Counties) * [[San Fernando Valley]] (Los Angeles County) * [[San Gabriel Mountains]] (Los Angeles & San Bernardino Counties) * [[San Gabriel River (California)|San Gabriel River]] (Los Angeles County) * [[San Gabriel Valley]] (Los Angeles County) * [[San Jacinto Mountains]] (Riverside County) * [[San Jacinto River (California)|San Jacinto River]] (Riverside County) * [[San Joaquin Valley]] (Kern County) * [[San Luis Rey River]] (San Diego County) * [[San Pedro Bay (California)|San Pedro Bay]] (Los Angeles County) * [[San Rafael Mountains]] (Santa Barbara County) * [[Santa Ana Mountains]] (Orange & Riverside Counties) * [[Santa Ana River]] (San Bernardino, Riverside & Orange Counties) * [[Santa Ana Valley]] (Orange County) * [[Santa Catalina Island, California|Santa Catalina Island]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Santa Clara River (California)|Santa Clara River]] (Ventura County) * [[Santa Clara River Valley]] (Ventura County) * [[Santa Clarita Valley]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Santa Margarita River]] (Riverside, Orange & San Diego Counties) * [[Santa Monica Bay]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Santa Monica Mountains]] (Los Angeles & Ventura Counties) * [[Santa Rosa Mountains (California)|Santa Rosa Mountains]] (Riverside, Imperial & San Diego Counties) * [[Santa Susana Mountains]] (Los Angeles & Ventura Counties) * [[Santa Ynez Mountains]] (Santa Barbara & Ventura Counties) * [[Santa Ynez Valley]] (Santa Barbara County) * [[Scodie Mountains]] (Kern County) * [[Sequoia National Forest]] (Kern County) * [[Shale Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] (Kern County) * [[Sierra Pelona Mountains]] (Los Angeles & Kern Counties) * [[Simi Hills]] (Los Angeles & Ventura Counties) * [[Simi Valley (valley)|Simi Valley]] (Ventura County) * [[Sweetwater River (California)|Sweetwater River]] (San Diego County) * [[Tehachapi Mountains]] (Kern & Los Angeles Counties) * [[Tejon Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Temescal Mountains]] (Riverside County) * [[Telephone Hills]] (Kern County) * [[Temblor Range]] (Kern & San Luis Obispo Counties) * [[Tijuana River]] (San Diego County) * [[Topatopa Mountains]] (Ventura County) * [[Turtle Mountains (California)|Turtle Mountains]] (San Bernardino County) * [[Ventura River]] (Ventura County) * [[Verdugo Mountains]] (Los Angeles County) * [[Victor Valley]] (San Bernardino County) {{Colend}} ===Geology=== ====List of major fault zones==== Note: Plate boundary faults are indicated with a (#) symbol. {{Colbegin}} * [[Brawley Seismic Zone]] * [[Chino Fault]] * [[Elsinore Fault Zone]] * [[Elysian Park Fault]] * [[Garlock Fault]] * [[Hosgri Fault]] * [[Imperial Fault Zone]] * [[Laguna Salada Fault]] * [[Newport–Inglewood Fault]] * [[Peninsular Ranges]] * [[Puente Hills Fault]] * [[Raymond Fault]] * [[Rose Canyon Fault]] * [[Salton Trough]] * [[Salinian Block]] * [[San Andreas Fault]] # * [[San Cayetano Fault]] * [[San Felipe Fault Zone]] * [[San Gabriel Fault]] * [[San Jacinto Fault Zone]] * [[Santa Maria River Fault]] * [[Santa Ynez Fault]] * [[Shoreline Fault]] * [[Ventura Fault]] * [[White Wolf Fault]] * [[Whittier Fault]] * [[Yorba Linda Fault]] {{Colend}} [[File:Shake Map Northridge 1994.jpg|thumb|Northridge earthquake shake map]] ====Earthquakes==== Each year, Southern California has about 10,000 earthquakes. Nearly all of them are too small to be felt. Only several hundred have been greater than [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] ({{M|w}}) 3.0, and only about 15–20 have been greater than {{M|w}} 4.0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/facts.php|title=USGS facts|work=data from southern California Earthquake Center|access-date=March 18, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226130258/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/facts.php|archive-date=February 26, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> California as a whole enacted the [[Alquist Priolo Special Studies Zone Act]] in the wake of the [[1971 San Fernando earthquake]]. The act prohibits new construction of residential buildings closer than {{convert|50|ft|m}} from a surface rupturing active fault zone. In addition, the act improved safety by requiring new structures (both residential and commercial) to be seismically retrofitted. It also required existing infrastructure to comply. Since 1972, numerous large magnitude earthquakes have struck Southern California with little widespread damage in part due to the act. However, exceptions can be noted for epicenters that lie directly on top of densely populated regions such as the {{M|w}} 6.7 [[1994 Northridge Earthquake]] and, to a lesser extent, the smaller {{M|w}} 5.5 [[2008 Chino Hills earthquake]]. The Northridge earthquake occurred on a blind-thrust fault directly underneath the [[San Fernando Valley]], which until the earthquake was previously undiscovered. [[Seismic retrofit]]ting of existing and new construction is aimed to prevent damage and save lives in the aftermath of a major quake, but it cannot guarantee that buildings will be unscathed if the epicenter is relatively close by. The [[1994 Northridge earthquake]] was particularly destructive, causing a substantial number of deaths, injuries, and structural collapses. The quake caused the most property damage of any earthquake in U.S. history at an estimated $20 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title= Northridge Earthquake|year= 2005|url= http://nisee.berkeley.edu/northridge/|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060712031622/http://nisee.berkeley.edu/northridge/|url-status= dead|archive-date= July 12, 2006|access-date= December 11, 2013|df= mdy-all}}</ref> Many Southern California [[Fault (geology)|faults]] are able to produce a {{M|w}} 6.7 earthquake or greater, such as the [[San Andreas Fault]], which can produce {{M|w}} 8.0 or greater. The largest known earthquake in California was the [[1857 Fort Tejon earthquake]] that ruptured 200+ miles (320+ kilometers) of the San Andreas Fault from [[Parkfield, California|Parkfield]] to [[Wrightwood, California|Wrightwood]]. With a recurrence interval of roughly 150 years, this part of the San Andreas fault is well within its window to produce another large earthquake. Along with the southern section of the San Andreas (in the [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]] region, which has not ruptured in ~400 years), the entire Southern California portion of the San Andreas Fault is ready to produce a powerful earthquake in the near future. Notable faults capable of large magnitude events include the [[San Jacinto Fault Zone|San Jacinto Fault]] (a splay of the San Andreas that runs directly under the I-10 & I-215 interchange), the [[Newport–Inglewood Fault|Newport–Inglewood-Rose Canyon Fault]] (located adjacent to [[SoFi Stadium]] and responsible for [[Signal Hill, California|Signal Hill]]), the [[Elsinore Fault Zone|Elsinore Fault]] (created [[Lake Elsinore]]), the [[Garlock Fault]] (which marks boundary between of the [[Sierra Nevada]] and the [[Mojave Desert]]), and the [[Hollywood fault]] (which is within feet of [[Capitol Records]] and is roughly parallel to [[Hollywood Boulevard]]). The [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) has released a California earthquake forecast,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf|title=UCERF3: A New Earthquake Forecast for California's Complex Fault System|publisher=USGS|date=March 3, 2015|access-date=October 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208032142/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf|archive-date=February 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> which models earthquake occurrence in California. =====List of earthquakes===== This is a partial list of earthquakes in Southern California. For a full list, see [[List of earthquakes in California]]. Note: Earthquakes with epicenters in the Los Angeles Metro Area are marked with the (#) symbol. Other earthquakes mentioned indicates shaking was felt in the region. {{Colbegin}} * [[1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake]] # * [[1812 Ventura earthquake]] * [[1857 Fort Tejon earthquake]] * [[1892 Laguna Salada earthquake]] * [[1899 San Jacinto earthquake]] * [[1918 San Jacinto earthquake]] * [[1933 Long Beach earthquake]] # * [[1940 El Centro earthquake]] * [[1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake]] * [[1971 San Fernando earthquake]] # * [[1979 Imperial Valley earthquake]] * [[1968 Borrego Mountain earthquake]] * [[1986 North Palm Springs earthquake]] * [[1987 Superstition Hills earthquakes]] * [[1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake]] # * [[1991 Sierra Madre earthquake]] # * [[1992 Big Bear earthquake]] # * [[1992 Landers earthquake]] * [[1994 Northridge earthquake]] # * [[2008 Chino Hills earthquake]] # * [[2010 Baja California earthquake]] * [[2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes]] {{Colend}}
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