Editing South America (section)

===Nation-building and fragmentation===
[[File:Juan Manuel Blanes - El Juramento de los Treinta y Tres Orientales.jpg|thumb|The [[Thirty-Three Orientals]] proclaimed the independence of [[Cisplatine Province]].]]
[[File:Oscar Pereira da Silva - Cena de Batalha no Sul do Brasil.jpg|thumb|Battle of Fanfa, battle scene in Southern Brazil during the [[Ragamuffin War]]]]

The newly independent nations began a process of fragmentation, with several civil and international wars. However, it was not as strong as in Central America. Some countries created from provinces of larger countries stayed as such up to modern times (such as Paraguay or Uruguay), while others were reconquered and reincorporated into their former countries (such as the [[Republic of Entre Ríos]] and the [[Riograndense Republic]]).

The first separatist attempt was in 1820 by the Argentine province of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]], led by a [[caudillo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/historia-da-america/caudilhismo.htm|title=Caudilhismo|website=Brasil Escola|access-date=22 March 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154311/https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/historia-da-america/caudilhismo.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In spite of the "Republic" in its title, [[Francisco Ramírez (governor)|General Ramírez]], its caudillo, never really intended to declare an independent Entre Rios. Rather, he was making a political statement in opposition to the monarchist and centralist ideas that back then permeated [[Buenos Aires]] politics. The "country" was reincorporated at the United Provinces in 1821.

In 1825, the [[Cisplatine Province]] declared its independence from the [[Empire of Brazil]], which led to the [[Cisplatine War]] between the imperials and the Argentine from the [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]] to control the region. Three years later, the United Kingdom intervened in the question by proclaiming a tie and creating in the former Cisplatina a new independent country: The [[Oriental Republic of Uruguay]].

Later in 1836, while Brazil was experiencing the chaos of the regency, [[Rio Grande do Sul]] [[Ragamuffin War|proclaimed its independence]] motivated by a tax crisis. With the anticipation of the coronation of [[Pedro II]] to the throne of Brazil, the country could stabilize and fight the separatists, which the province of [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] had joined in 1839. The Conflict came to an end by a process of compromise by which both [[Riograndense Republic]] and [[Juliana Republic]] were reincorporated as provinces in 1845.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brasilescola.com/historiab/guerra-farrapos.htm|title=Ragamuffin War|last=Day|first=Peter|date=17 December 1997|publisher=Brasil Escola|access-date=27 March 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303074424/http://www.brasilescola.com/historiab/guerra-farrapos.htm|archive-date=3 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brasilescola.com/historiab/revolucao-farroupilha.htm|title=Ragamuffin Revolution|last=Souza|first=Rainer|date=20 January 2002|publisher=RioGrande|access-date=27 March 2007|archive-date=18 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718095538/http://www.brasilescola.com/historiab/revolucao-farroupilha.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Batalla de Chorrillos.jpg|thumb|The [[Chilean Army]] in the battlefield of the [[Battle of Chorrillos]], 1883]]

The [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]], a short-lived union of Peru and Bolivia, was blocked by Chile in the [[War of the Confederation]] (1836–1839) and again during the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879–1883). Paraguay was virtually destroyed by Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in the [[Paraguayan War]].