Editing Somalia (section)

=== Independence (1960–1969) ===
{{Main|Trust Territory of Somaliland|State of Somaliland|Somali Republic|Greater Somalia|Somali Youth League}}

Following World War II, Britain retained control of both [[British Somaliland]] and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the [[Potsdam Conference]], the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland as the [[Trust Territory of Somaliland]], on the condition first proposed by the Somali Youth League (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL)—that Somalia achieve independence within ten years.<ref name="Zolberg">{{Harvnb|Zolberg|Suhrke|Aguayo|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=B9_yS_ynvzgC&pg=PA106 106]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kwame Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|title=Africana: the encyclopedia of the African and African American experience: the concise desk reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cereWkyNJckC|date= 2003|publisher=Running Press|isbn=978-0-7624-1642-4|page=1749|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123105443/https://books.google.com/books?id=cereWkyNJckC|url-status=live}}</ref> British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960.<ref name="Tripodi1999">{{cite book|author=Paolo Tripodi|title=The Colonial Legacy in Somalia: Rome and Mogadishu: From Colonial Administration to Operation Restore Hope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Macmillan Press|isbn=978-0-312-22393-9|page=68|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123105442/https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Isaaq Chiefs Hargeisa.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Leaders of the [[Isaaq]] clan photographed in [[Hargeisa]] in 1958 during the Duke & Duchess of Gloucester's visit to Somaliland]]

To the extent that [[Italy]] held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in Western political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated in political administrative development. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would later cause serious difficulties integrating the two parts.<ref>[[Helen Chapin Metz]], ed. (1992) [http://countrystudies.us/somalia ''Somalia: A Country Study''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805012513/http://countrystudies.us/somalia/ |date=5 August 2011 }}. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.</ref>[[File:Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg|thumb|upright|An avenue in downtown [[Mogadishu]] in 1963]]Meanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their World War II allies and to the dismay of the Somalis,<ref>Federal Research Division (2004) ''Somalia: A Country Study'', Kessinger Publishing, LLC, p. 38, {{ISBN|1-4191-4799-4}}.</ref> the British returned the [[Haud]] (an important Somali grazing area that was presumably protected by British treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the [[Somali Region]] to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor [[Menelek II of Ethiopia|Menelik]] in exchange for his help against possible advances by the French.<ref>{{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|p=73}}.</ref>

Britain included the conditional provision that the Somali residents would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over the area. This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to buy back the Somali lands it had turned over.<ref name="Zolberg"/> Britain also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited [[Northern Frontier District]] (NFD) to Kenyan nationalists.<ref>Francis Vallat (1974) ''First report on succession of states in respect of treaties: International Law Commission twenty-sixth session 6 May – 26 July 1974'', United Nations, p. 20</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|p=75}}.</ref> This was despite a [[plebiscite]] in which, according to a British colonial commission, almost all of the territory's ethnic Somalis favored joining the newly formed Somali Republic.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rousseau|first1=David Laurent|title=Domestic political institutions and the evolution of international conflict|date=1996|publisher=University of Michigan|page=231|isbn=9780591309287|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isYeAQAAMAAJ|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=1 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171101175701/https://books.google.com/books?id=isYeAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[French Somaliland overseas territory referendum, 1958|referendum]] was held in neighbouring [[Djibouti]] (then known as [[French Somaliland]]) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable [[Afar people|Afar]] ethnic group and resident Europeans.<ref name="Barrington2006" /> There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls.<ref>Kevin Shillington (2005) ''Encyclopedia of African history'', CRC Press, p. 360, {{ISBN|1-57958-245-1}}.</ref>

The majority of those who voted 'no' were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by [[Mahmoud Harbi]], Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later.<ref name="Barrington2006">{{Harvnb|Schraeder|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWpKKlukLcC&pg=PA115 115]}}</ref> Djibouti finally gained independence from [[France]] in 1977, and [[Hassan Gouled Aptidon]], a Somali who had campaigned for a 'yes' vote in the referendum of 1976, eventually became Djibouti's first president (1977–1999).<ref name="Barrington2006" />
[[File:President Aden Adde alongside Prime minister Sharmarke.jpg|thumb|[[Aden Adde|President Aden Adde]] alongside [[Abdirashid Shermarke|Prime Minister Abdirashiid Ali Sharmarke]] praying [[Eid prayers|Eid]] in 1964 at [[Arba'a Rukun Mosque]]]]
On 1 July 1960, five days after the former British Somaliland protectorate obtained independence as the State of Somaliland, the territory united with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to form the [[Somali Republic]],<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica 2002 p.835">Encyclopædia Britannica, ''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p. 835</ref> albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buluugleey.com/warkiidanbe/Governance.htm |title=The dawn of the Somali nation-state in 1960 |publisher=Buluugleey.com |access-date=25 February 2009 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116055005/http://www.buluugleey.com/warkiidanbe/Governance.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htwin/articles/20060809.aspx |title=The making of a Somalia state |publisher=Strategypage.com |date=9 August 2006 |access-date=25 February 2009 |archive-date=2 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702033453/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htwin/articles/20060809.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> A government was formed by [[Abdullahi Issa]] and [[Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal]] with other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with [[Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden]] as President of the [[Parliament of Somalia|Somali National Assembly]], [[Aden Abdullah Osman Daar]] as [[List of Presidents of Somalia|President]] of the Somali Republic, and [[Abdirashid Ali Shermarke]] as [[Prime Minister of Somalia|Prime Minister]] (later to become president from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a [[Somali constitutional referendum, 1961|popular referendum]], was ratified popularly by the people of Somalia under Italian trusteeship, Most of the people from the former Somaliland Protectorate did not participate in the referendum, although only a small number of Somalilanders who participated the referendum voted against the [[Constitution of Somalia|new constitution]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1961 Referendum|url=http://www.somalilandlaw.com/The_1961_Referendum_Table1_Note.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011003402/http://www.somalilandlaw.com/The_1961_Referendum_Table1_Note.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2015}}</ref> which was first drafted in 1960.<ref name="Illustrated Library 1967 338.2"/> In 1967, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke. Egal would later become the President of the autonomous [[Somaliland]] region in northwestern Somalia.