Editing Solid-state chemistry (section)

=== Low-temperature methods ===

==== Intercalation method ====
[[Intercalation (chemistry)|Intercalation]] synthesis is the insertion of molecules or ions between layers of a solid.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Laipan |first1=Minwang |last2=Xiang |first2=Lichen |last3=Yu |first3=Jingfang |last4=Martin |first4=Benjamin R. |last5=Zhu |first5=Runliang |last6=Zhu |first6=Jianxi |last7=He |first7=Hongping |last8=Clearfield |first8=Abraham |last9=Sun |first9=Luyi |date=2020-04-01 |title=Layered intercalation compounds: Mechanisms, new methodologies, and advanced applications |journal=Progress in Materials Science |language=en |volume=109 |pages=100631 |doi=10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.100631 |s2cid=213438764 |issn=0079-6425|doi-access=free }}</ref> The layered solid has weak [[Intermolecular force|intermolecular bonds]] holding its layers together.<ref name=":1" /> The process occurs via [[diffusion]].<ref name=":1" /> Intercalation is further driven by [[ion exchange]], [[Acid–base reaction|acid-base reactions]] or [[Electrochemistry|electrochemical reactions]].<ref name=":1" /> The intercalation method was first used in China with the discovery of [[porcelain]]. Also, [[graphene]] is produced by the intercalation method, and this method is the principle behind [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rajapakse |first1=Manthila |last2=Karki |first2=Bhupendra |last3=Abu |first3=Usman O. |last4=Pishgar |first4=Sahar |last5=Musa |first5=Md Rajib Khan |last6=Riyadh |first6=S. M. Shah |last7=Yu |first7=Ming |last8=Sumanasekera |first8=Gamini |last9=Jasinski |first9=Jacek B. |date=2021-03-10 |title=Intercalation as a versatile tool for fabrication, property tuning, and phase transitions in 2D materials |journal=npj 2D Materials and Applications |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1038/s41699-021-00211-6 |s2cid=232164576 |issn=2397-7132|doi-access=free }}</ref>