Editing Skunk (section)

===Spray===
[[File: Skunk about to spray.jpg|left|thumb|[[Striped skunk]] (''Mephitis mephitis'') in a defensive posture with erect and puffed tail, indicating its readiness to spray.]]
Skunks are notorious for their anal scent glands, which they can use as a [[Chemical defense|defensive weapon]]. They are similar to, though much more developed than, the glands found in species of the family [[Mustelidae]]. Skunks have two glands, one on each side of the anus. These glands produce the skunk's spray, which is a mixture of [[sulfur]]-containing chemicals such as [[thiol]]s (traditionally called mercaptans), which have an offensive odor. The thiols also make their spray highly flammable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wildlifeinformer.com/facts-about-skunks/|title=18 Interesting Facts About Skunks|work= Wildlife Informer|date=17 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/is-that-skunk-video-skunk-spray-chemistry/4553/|title=Is That Skunk? Skunk Spray Chemistry|work=[[Nature (TV program)|Nature]]|date=24 August 2011 }}</ref>  A skunk's spray is powerful enough to ward off bears and other potential attackers.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.backpacker.com/skills/ask-a-bear-skunk-spray-as-deterrent | title=Ask a Bear: Skunk Spray as Deterrent?| date=4 May 2011}}</ref> [[Muscles]] located next to the scent glands allow them to spray with a high degree of accuracy, as far as {{convert|3|m|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skunks: Notorious—or Not?|url=https://www.nwf.org/Home/Magazines/National-Wildlife/2017/April-May/Animals/Skunks |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=National Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref> The spray can also cause irritation and even temporary blindness, and is sufficiently powerful to be detected by a human nose up to 5.6 km (3.5 miles) downwind.<ref>{{Cite web |title=19 Stinky Skunk Facts |url=https://factanimal.com/skunk/ |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Fact Animal |language=en-GB}}</ref> Their chemical defense is effective, as illustrated by this extract from [[Charles Darwin]]'s 1839 book ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle]]'':

{{Blockquote|We saw also a couple of ''Zorrillos'', or skunks—odious animals, which are far from uncommon. In general appearance, the ''Zorrillo'' resembles a polecat, but it is rather larger and much thicker in proportion. Conscious of its power, it roams by day about the open plain and fears neither dog nor man. If a dog is urged to the attack, its courage is instantly checked by a few drops of the fetid oil, which brings on violent sickness and running at the nose. Whatever is once polluted by it, is forever useless. [[Félix de Azara|Azara]] says the smell can be perceived at a league distance; more than once, when entering the harbour of Monte Video, the wind being offshore, we have perceived the odour onboard the ''Beagle''. Certain it is, that every animal most willingly makes room for the ''Zorrillo''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Darwin |year=1839 |title=Voyage of the Beagle |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3704 |access-date=June 27, 2006 |isbn=0-14-043268-X |publisher=Penguin |location=London, England}}</ref>}}

Skunks carry just enough for five or six successive sprays – about 15 cm<sup>3</sup> – and require up to ten days to produce another supply.<ref>[http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex4663 Biology and Control of Skunks]. Agriculture and Rural Development. Government of Alberta, Canada. 1 June 2002</ref> Their bold black and white [[animal coloration|coloration]] makes their appearance memorable. It is to a skunk's advantage to warn possible [[predator]]s off without expending scent: black and white [[aposematic]] warning coloration aside, threatened skunks will go through an elaborate routine of hisses, foot-stamping, and tail-high [[deimatic behaviour|deimatic]] or threat postures before resorting to spraying. Skunks usually do not spray other skunks, except among males in the mating season. If they fight over den space in autumn, they do so with teeth and claws.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Skunks Fight Each Other? |url=http://www.wildlife-removal.com/skunkfight.html#:~:text=In%20some%20situations,%20you%20will,each%20other%20in%20some%20situations. |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=www.wildlife-removal.com}}</ref>

Most [[predator]]s of the Americas, such as [[wolf|wolves]], [[fox]]es, and [[badger]]s, seldom attack skunks, presumably out of fear of being sprayed. The exceptions are reckless predators whose attacks fail once they are sprayed, dogs, and the [[great horned owl]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oregonzoo.org/Cards/BirdsOfPrey/greathornedowl.htm |title=Oregon Zoo Animals: Great Horned Owl |website=Oregonzoo.org |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-date=19 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319200500/http://www.oregonzoo.org/Cards/BirdsOfPrey/greathornedowl.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is the skunk's only regular predator.<ref name=Cornell>{{cite web|title=Great Horned Owl|url=http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/great_horned_owl/id%7CCornell-|publisher=The Cornell Lab of Ornithology|access-date=21 March 2013|archive-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705212240/https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/great_horned_owl/id%7CCornell-|url-status=dead}}</ref> In one case, the remains of 57 [[striped skunk]]s were found in a single great horned owl nest.<ref name=Hunter_Carnivores>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Luke|title=Carnivores of the World|year=2011|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0-691-15228-8}}{{page needed|date=September 2014}}</ref>

==== Mitigation ====
Skunks are common in suburban areas, and domestic dogs are often sprayed by skunks. There are many misconceptions about the removal of skunk odor, including the pervasive idea that [[tomato juice]] will neutralize the odor. These household remedies are ineffective, and only appear to work due to [[olfactory fatigue]].<ref>[http://scienceline.org/2006/07/ask-cosier-skunk/ Is it true that tomato sauce will get rid of the smell of a skunk?]. Scienceline. Retrieved on 5 April 2012.</ref> In 1993,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forbes |first1=JE |title=The tip of the month |journal=The Probe |date=March 1995 |issue=152 |page=2 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/17218498.pdf |publisher=National Animal Damage Control Association |location=Hopland, CA |language=en}}</ref> The American chemist Paul Krebaum has developed a formula that chemically neutralizes skunk spray by changing the odor-causing [[thiol]]s into odorless acids,<ref>{{cite web |title=Removing Skunk Odor |url=https://wildlife.unl.edu/pdfs/removing-skunk-odor.pdf |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=University of Nebraska–Lincoln |publisher=UNL Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources}}</ref>  which is endorsed by the [[The Humane Society of the United States|Humane Society of the United States]] for sprayed dogs.<ref>{{cite web |title=What to do when a skunk sprays your dog |url=http://www.humanesociety.org/resources/de-skunking-your-dog |publisher=[[The Humane Society of the United States]]}}</ref> It involves [[hydrogen peroxide]], [[sodium bicarbonate|baking soda]], and [[dish soap|liquid dish soap]].

Skunk spray is composed mainly of three low-molecular-weight thiol compounds, (''E'')-2-butene-1-thiol, 3-methyl-1-butanethiol, and 2-quinolinemethanethiol, as well as [[acetate]] [[thioester]]s of these.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume=1 |issue=4 |year=1978 |title=Some Chemical Constituents of the Scent of the Striped Skunk (''Mephitis mephitis'') |author1=Andersen K. K. |author2=Bernstein D. T. |doi=10.1007/BF00988589 |pages=493–499|s2cid=9451251 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |volume=55 |issue=3 |year=1978 |title=1-Butanethiol and the Striped Skunk |author1=Andersen K. K. |author2=Bernstein D. T. |doi=10.1021/ed055p159|pages=159–160|bibcode=1978JChEd..55..159A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Tetrahedron |volume=38 |issue=13 |year=1982 |title=Chemical Constituents of the Defensive Secretion of the Striped Skunk (''Mephitis mephitis'') |author1=Andersen K. K. |author2=Bernstein D. T. |author3=Caret R. L. |author4=Romanczyk L. J. Jr. |doi=10.1016/0040-4020(82)80046-X |pages=1965–1970}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wood | first1 = William F.  | year = 1990 | title = New Components in Defensive Secretion of the Striped Skunk, Mephitis mephitis | journal = J. Chemical Ecology | volume = 16 | issue = 6 | pages = 2057–2065 | doi=10.1007/BF01020516| pmid = 24264006 | bibcode = 1990JCEco..16.2057W }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology |volume=28 |issue=9 |year=2002 |title=Volatile Components in Defensive Spray of the Hooded Skunk, ''Mephitis macroura'' |author1=Wood W. F. |author2=Sollers B. G. |author3=Dragoo G. A. |author4=Dragoo J. W. |doi=10.1023/A:1020573404341 |pages=1865–70 |pmid=12449512|bibcode=2002JCEco..28.1865W |s2cid=19217201 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.humboldt.edu/wfwood/chemofskunkspray.html |title=Chemistry of Skunk Spray |access-date=27 July 2010 |author=Wood, William F. |publisher=Dept. of Chemistry, [[Humboldt State University]]}}</ref> These compounds are detectable by the human nose at concentrations of only 11.3 parts per billion.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00897990286a |journal=Chem. Educator |volume=4 |issue=2 |year=1999 |title=The History of Skunk Defensive Secretion Research |author=Wood, William F.  |pages=44–50 |s2cid=94181805 |url=http://chemeducator.org/sbibs/s0004002/spapers/420044ww.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030902091556/http://chemeducator.org/sbibs/s0004002/spapers/420044ww.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1084/jem.1.2.323 |last= Aldrich |first=T.B. |title= A chemical study of the secretion of the anal glands of ''mephitis mephitica'' (common skunk), with remarks on the physiological properties of this secretion |journal= J. Exp. Med. |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages= 323–340 |year=1896 |pmid= 19866801 |pmc= 2117909}}</ref>

[[File:SkunkMuskChem.svg|500px|center]]