Editing Single non-transferable vote (section)

==Usage==
SNTV is used for elections in [[Puerto Rico]], [[Elections in Kuwait|Kuwait]], [[Elections in Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Elections in Japan|Japan]], [[Taiwan]], [[Elections in Thailand|Thailand]], [[Libya]], [[Iraq]], [[Politics of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and [[Vanuatu]].

===Puerto Rico===
In [[Puerto Rico]], SNTV is known as ''at-large representation'' ("representación por acumulación" in Spanish), SNTV is used to elect the 11 at-large members in each of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Under ''at-large representation'', political parties vary the ballot order of their candidates across electoral divisions, in order to ensure each candidate has a roughly equal chance of success. Since most voters choose the candidates placed at the top of their party lists on their ballots, at-large candidates from the same party usually obtain approximately equal vote totals. When the party's candidates are equally supported, the most-popular party is often able to take six seats of the 11.

The two major Puerto Rican political parties, the [[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|Popular Democratic Party]] and the [[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|New Progressive Party]], usually each run six candidates for the 11 at-large members in each of the House of Representatives and the Senate, while the much smaller [[Puerto Rican Independence Party]] runs a single-candidate slate for the at-large members in the Senate and the House of Representatives. The SNTV-elected members are a small part of the chambers compared to the members elected in the sixteen Senate districts, elected by block voting, and the forty House districts, elected by [[first-past-the-post voting]].

===Japan, South Korea and Taiwan===
SNTV was once used to elect the legislatures of [[Japan]], [[South Korea]] and the [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Elections in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan under the single non-transferable vote: The comparative study of an embedded institution |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330194995 |access-date=2024-05-16}}</ref> but its use has been discontinued for the most part. It is still used in Japan for some seats in the [[House of Councillors]] (Sangi-in), prefectural assemblies and municipal assemblies.

In Taiwan it is used for the six aboriginal seats in the [[Legislative Yuan]] (national legislature), as well as local assemblies. The party structure there was complicated by the fact that while members of the [[Legislative Yuan]] were elected by SNTV, executive positions were (and still are) elected by a [[first past the post]]. This created a party system in which smaller factionalized parties, which SNTV promotes, have formed two large coalitions that resembles the [[Duverger's law|two party system which first past the post rewards]]. Starting with the [[2008 Republic of China legislative election|2008 legislative elections]], SNTV was discarded in favor of a mixed ''single member district'' (SMD) with proportional representation based on national party votes, similar to Japan. This system was a legacy of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|its colonial rule]] inherited from the [[Meiji Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV) —|url=https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd04/esd04a/default|access-date=2021-10-25|website=aceproject.org}}</ref>

===Hong Kong===
From 1997 to 2016, the electoral system for up to [[Geographical constituency|half of the seats]] of the [[Legislative Council (Hong Kong)|Legislative Council]] of the territory was nominally a [[party-list proportional representation]] system with [[Hare quota]]. In practice, political parties fielded multiple lists in the same constituency. For example, the [[Democratic Party (Hong Kong)|Democratic Party]] fielded three separate lists in the eight-seat New Territories West constituency in the [[2008 Hong Kong legislative election|2008 election]], aiming to win three seats (they won two). Split list or split tickets is done in order to win more seats with fewer votes, since the first candidate on each list would require less than the Hare quota to get a seat. Supporters are asked to split their votes among the lists of the same party, usually along geographical location of residence. In the [[2012 Hong Kong legislative election|2012]] and [[2016 Hong Kong legislative election#Seats summary|2016]] elections, no candidate list won more than one seat in any of the six PR constituencies which returned a total of 40 seats, rendering the result effectively the same as SNTV.

In the [[2021 Hong Kong electoral reform]], the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] instituted SNTV in its amendment to Annex 2 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law|Basic Law]] on 30 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Geographical constituency boundary maps in respect of 2021 Legislative Council General Election available for public viewing|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202106/01/P2021060100370.htm|access-date=2021-09-13|website=www.info.gov.hk}}</ref> 20 seats of the Legislative Council are returned by geographical constituencies (GC) through single non-transferable vote with a district magnitude of 2. Effect of the district size of 2 under SNTV system in Hong Kong have been compared to that of the [[binomial voting system]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://hongkongfp.com/2021/04/18/interview-election-changes-mark-major-regression-of-democracy-in-hong-kong-says-analyst-ma-ngok/ | title=Interview: Election changes mark 'major regression' of democracy in Hong Kong, says analyst Ma Ngok | date=18 April 2021 }}</ref>

===Libya===
In accordance with its [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|post-Gaddafi]] electoral law, Libya in 2012 elected 80 members of its 200-seat [[General National Congress]] using single non-transferable vote.<ref>{{cite book |last= Grote|first=Rainer |date=2016 |title=Constitutionalism, Human Rights, and Islam After the Arab Spring |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=443–5}}</ref> Some commentators cited the system as a factor in the subsequent return to [[Libyan Civil War (2014–present)|civil war]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/4/5/11363288/libya-intervention-success |title=Everyone says the Libya intervention was a failure. They're wrong. |last1=Hamid |first1=Shadi |date=April 5, 2016 |website=vox.com |access-date=August 8, 2016 }}</ref>

===Chile===
After the 2015 electoral reform, Chileans elect their representatives to both houses of Congress through [[open list]]s presented by parties or party coalitions in each of the electoral districts into which the country is divided for the contest, allowing only one vote for one of the candidates inside any list. Once the voting is over, the distribution of seats in each district (which can range from 3 to 8 in the lower house and from 2 to 5 in the upper one) is carried out through the [[D'Hondt method]], ordering the lists from highest to lowest according to the total vote of each one and the candidates within each one of them with the same principle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/146235/Chile-2015-Electoral-Reform.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Chile's 2015 Electoral Reform: Changing the Rules of the Game|last1=Gamboa |first1=Ricardo |last2=Morales |first2=Mauricio }}</ref>

===Jordan===
SNTV was used in Jordan from 1993 to 2016. SNTV became the official electoral system for legislature elections in Jordan in 1993, the second election since the country's return to an elected parliament in 1989. The 1993 electoral reform introduced SNTV as the "one-man, one-vote", which was argued to be a more egalitarian alternative to the former "block vote" (or [[Multiple non-transferable vote]]) where constituents could cast as many votes as there were seats in their constituency. (Under SNTV, each voter cast just one.) The Jordanian opposition parties were heavily critical of the voting reform as it significantly hurt their electoral results. The Islamic Action Front was at the forefront of this criticism, boycotting 4 of the 6 elections held under this system. The last election held purely under this system was in 2010, whose parliament was dissolved after the Arab Spring protests in Jordan and a new election was held in 2013 using both SNTV and a national closed list with a proportional system. SNTV was completely abolished after the 2016 electoral reform where it was replaced with [[open list]] PR (in 23 constituencies of between three and nine seats each) plus 15 seats reserved for women.

===Kuwait===
Kuwait has used SNTV to elect the members of its National Assembly (Majles al-Umma) in five 10-member districts, starting with the 2012 election.<ref>Daniel L. Tavana,"The Evolution of the Kuwaiti "Opposition",08.07.18 (online)</ref>

===Vanuatu===
Since independence from Britain and France in 1980, [[Vanuatu]] has used SNTV to elect most of the members of its Parliament. Currently, other than eight members elected in single-member constituencies, the 52 members of Parliament are elected in ten multi-member constituencies (of between two and seven seats) by single non-transferable vote. The last election this was done was the [[2025 Vanuatuan general election]].