Editing Shia Islam (section)

===Dynasties===
{{main|List of Shia dynasties}}

In the century following the [[Battle of Karbala]] (680 CE), as various Shia-affiliated groups diffused in the emerging Islamic world, several nations arose based on a Shia leadership or population.
*[[Idrisid dynasty|Idrisids]] (788–985 CE): a [[Zaydi]] dynasty in what is now [[Morocco]].
*[[Qarmatians]] (899–1077 CE): an [[Ismaili]] [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] dynasty. Their headquarters were in [[Eastern Arabia]] and [[Bahrain]]. It was founded by [[Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi]].
*[[Buyid dynasty|Buyids]] (934–1055 CE): a [[Twelver]] [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] dynasty. at its peak consisted of large portions of Iran and Iraq.
*[[Uqaylid Dynasty|Uqaylids]] (990–1096 CE): a Shia [[Arab]] dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of [[Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia|al-Jazira]], northern Syria and Iraq.
* [[Ilkhanate]] (1256–1335): a [[Persianate society|Persianate]] [[Mongol]] [[khanate]] established in [[Iran]] in the 13th century, considered a part of the [[Mongol Empire]]. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on [[Genghis Khan]]'s campaigns in the [[Khwarezmid Empire]] in 1219–1224, and founded by Genghis's grandson, [[Hulagu Khan|Hulagu]], in territories in [[West Asia|Western]] and [[Central Asia]] which today comprise most of Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and Pakistan. The Ilkhanate initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to [[Buddhism]] and [[Christianity]]. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with [[Ghazan]] in 1295, chose Islam as the [[state religion]]; his brother [[Öljaitü]] promoted Shia Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=نقد و بررسى گرایش ایلخانان به اسلام و تشیّع|url=http://ensani.ir/fa/article/45590/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%B9|access-date=2021-08-28|website=پرتال جامع علوم انسانی|language=fa|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412101802/http://ensani.ir/fa/article/45590/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%91%D8%B9|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmanids]] (1347–1527): a Shia Muslim state of the [[Deccan Plateau]] in [[Southern India]], and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/ibrahimII_adil_shahi/5_provinces.html
|title=The Five Kingdoms of the Bahmani Sultanate
|publisher=orbat.com
|access-date=5 January 2007
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223071144/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/ibrahimII_adil_shahi/5_provinces.html
|archive-date=23 February 2007}}</ref> Bahmanid Sultanate was the first independent Islamic kingdom in Southern India.<ref name="Ansari">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/home/index.isc |last=Ansari |first=N.H. |title=Bahmanid Dynasty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061019004703/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/home/index.isc |archive-date=19 October 2006 |url-status=usurped |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica}}</ref>

[[File:Fatimid Caliphate.PNG|thumb|The [[Fatimid Caliphate]] at its peak ({{circa|1100}})]]

====Fatimid Caliphate====
[[File:El_Hakim_Mosque.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Al-Hakim Mosque]], named after [[al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah|al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh]] (985–1021), the 6th [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] caliph and 16th [[Isma'ilism|Ismāʿīlī]] Imam, in [[Islamic Cairo]], [[Egypt]].]]

* [[Fatimid dynasty|Fatimids]] (909–1171 CE): Controlled much of [[North Africa]], the [[Levant]], parts of [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], and the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. The group takes its name from [[Fatima|Fāṭimah]], Muhammad's daughter, from whom they claim descent.
** In 909 CE, the Shia military leader [[Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i|Abu Abdallah al-Shiʻi]] overthrew the Sunni rulers in North Africa, an event which led to the foundation of the [[Fatimid Caliphate]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Worlds Together Worlds Apart |last=Pollard |first=Elizabeth |publisher=W.W. Norton Company Inc |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-393-91847-2 |location=New York |page=313}}</ref>
** [[Jawhar (general)|Al-Qaid Jawhar ibn Abdallah]] ({{langx|ar|جوهر}}; {{floruit}} 966–d. 992) was a Shia Fatimid general. Under the command of Caliph [[Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah|al-Muʻizz]], he led the conquest of [[Islamic conquest of North Africa|North Africa]] and then of [[Islamic conquest of Egypt|Egypt]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Chodorow, Stanley |author2=Knox, MacGregor |author3=Shirokauer, Conrad |author4=Strayer, Joseph R.|author5-link=Hans W. Gatzke |author5=Gatzke, Hans W. |title= The Mainstream of Civilization |publisher= Harcourt Press |year= 1994 |page= 209 |isbn= 978-0-15-501197-7 |quote=The architect of his military system was a general named Jawhar, an islamicized Greek slave who had led the conquest of North Africa and then of Egypt}}</ref> founded the city of [[Cairo]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Fossier, Robert |author2=Sondheimer, Janet |author3=Airlie, Stuart |author4=Marsack, Robyn |title= The Cambridge illustrated history of the Middle Ages |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year= 1997 |page= [https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00robe/page/170 170] |isbn= 978-0-521-26645-1 |quote= When the Sicilian Jawhar finally entered Fustat in 969 and the following year founded the new dynastic capital, Cairo, 'The Victorious', the Fatimids ... |url= https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00robe/page/170 }}</ref> and the [[al-Azhar Mosque]]. A [[History of slavery in the Muslim world|Greek slave by origin]], he was freed by al-Muʻizz.<ref>{{cite book |author= Saunders, John Joseph |title= A History of Medieval Islam |publisher= Routledge |year= 1990 |page=133 |isbn= 978-0-415-05914-5 |quote=Under Muʼizz (955-975) the Fatimids reached the height of their glory, and the universal triumph of Isma ʻilism appeared not far distant. The fourth Fatimid Caliph is an attractive character: humane and generous, simple and just, he was a good administrator, tolerant and conciliatory. Served by one of the greatest generals of the age, Jawhar al-Rumi, a former Greek slave, he took fullest advantage of the growing confusion in the Sunnite world.}}</ref>

====Safavid Empire====
{{main|Safavid dynasty|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}}
[[File:Portrait of Shah Ismail I. Inscribed "Ismael Sophy Rex Pers". Painted by Cristofano dell'Altissimo, dated 1552-1568.jpg|alt=|thumb|One of the first actions performed by [[Ismail I|Ismā'īl I]] of the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Empire]] was the proclamation of the [[Twelver]] denomination of Shia Islam as the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|official religion]] of [[Iran]], causing sectarian tensions in the [[Middle East]] when he destroyed the tombs of the [[List of Abbasid caliphs|Abbasid caliphs]], the Sunnī Imam [[Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man|Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān]], and the [[Sufism|Ṣūfī Muslim]] ascetic [[Abdul Qadir Gilani|ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī]] in 1508.<ref name="Masters 2009">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Masters |author-first=Bruce |year=2009 |chapter=Baghdad |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71 |editor1-last=Ágoston |editor1-first=Gábor |editor2-first=Bruce |editor2-last=Masters |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |page=71 |isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1 |lccn=2008020716 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516202344/https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA71 |archive-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1533 the [[Ottoman Turks]], upon their conquest of [[Iraq]], rebuilt various important Sunnī shrines.<ref name="Masters 2009" /><ref>{{cite book|author1=Stanford J. Shaw|author2=Ezel Kural Shaw|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC|year=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-29163-7|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111152233/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9-YfgVZDBkC|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
A major turning point in the [[history of Shia Islam]] was the dominion of the [[Safavid dynasty]] (1501–1736) in [[History of Iran|Persia]]. This caused a number of changes in the [[Muslim world]]:
* The ending of the relative mutual tolerance between Sunnīs and Shias that existed from the time of the [[Mongol conquests]] onwards and the resurgence of antagonism between the two groups.
* Initial dependence of [[Shia clergy|Shīʿīte clerics]] on the state followed by the emergence of an independent body of ''[[ulama]]'' capable of taking a political stand different from official policies.<ref>Francis Robinson, ''Atlas of the Muslim World'', p. 49.</ref>
* The growth in importance of [[Safavid Iran|Persian]] centers of Islamic education and religious learning, which resulted in the change of Twelver Shīʿīsm from being a predominantly [[Arab people|Arab]] phenomenon to become predominantly [[Persianization|Persian]].<ref>{{harvnb|Momen|1985|p=123}}</ref>
* The growth of the [[Akhbari]] school of thought, which taught that only the [[Quran]], [[Hadith|''ḥadīth'' literature]], and ''[[sunnah]]'' (accounts of the sayings and living habits attributed to the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] during his lifetime) are to be bases for verdicts, rejecting the use of reasoning.

With the fall of the Safavids, the state in Iran—including the state system of courts with government-appointed [[Judge (Islamic law)|judges]] (''qāḍī'')—became much weaker. This gave the [[Sharia|''sharīʿa'' courts]] of ''[[mujtahid]]'' an opportunity to fill the legal vacuum and enabled the ''ulama'' to assert their judicial authority. The [[Usuli]] school of thought also increased in strength at this time.<ref>{{harvnb|Momen|1985|pp=130, 191}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:The declaration of Shi'ism as the state religion of Iran by Shah Ismail -Safavids dynasty.jpeg|The declaration of [[Twelver|Twelver Shīʿīsm]] as the state religion of [[Safavid Persia|Safavids]]
File:Battle of Chaldiran (1514).jpg|[[Battle of Chaldiran]] in 1514 was a major [[Sectarian violence among Muslims|sectarian crisis between Muslims]] in the [[Middle East]].
File:Chaldiran Battlefield Site in 2004.JPG|Monument commemorating the [[Battle of Chaldiran]], where more than 7,000 [[Muslims]] of the Shia and Sunnī sects [[Sectarian violence among Muslims|killed each other]]
</gallery>