Editing Serbs (section)

===Modern period===
{{Main article|Serbian revolution|Kingdom of Serbia|Serbian campaign|Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia}}
In the early 1830s, Serbia gained autonomy and its borders were recognized, with [[Miloš Obrenović I, Prince of Serbia|Miloš Obrenović]] being recognized as its ruler. Serbia is the fourth modern-day European country, after France, Austria and the Netherlands, to have a codified legal system, as of 1844.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Avramović|first=Sima|year=2014|title=Srpski građanski zakonik (1844) i pravni transplanti – kopija austrijskog uzora ili više od toga?|url=http://www.ius.bg.ac.rs/zbornici/Srpski%20gradjanski%20zakonik%20-%20170%20godina.pdf|journal=Srpski Građanski Zakonik – 170 Godina|access-date=1 August 2019|archive-date=25 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725123254/http://www.ius.bg.ac.rs/zbornici/Srpski%20gradjanski%20zakonik%20-%20170%20godina.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The last Ottoman troops withdrew from Serbia in 1867, although Serbia's and Montenegro's independence was not recognized internationally until the [[Congress of Berlin]] in 1878.{{sfn|Fotić|2008a|p=517–519}}
[[File:Serbian cadre troops leaving for frontier positions, 1914.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Cer]] marked the first [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory over the [[Central Powers]] in the [[World War I]].]]
Serbia fought in the [[Balkan Wars]] of 1912–13, which forced the Ottomans out of the Balkans and doubled the territory and population of the [[Kingdom of Serbia]]. In 1914, a young [[Bosnian Serb]] student named [[Gavrilo Princip]] [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|assassinated]] [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]], which directly contributed to the outbreak of [[World War I]].{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=542}} In the fighting that ensued, Serbia was invaded by [[Austria-Hungary]]. Despite being outnumbered, the Serbs defeated the Austro-Hungarians at the [[Battle of Cer]], which marked the first [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] victory over the [[Central Powers]] in the war.{{sfn|Pavlowitch|2002|p=94}} Further victories at the battles of [[Battle of Kolubara|Kolubara]] and the [[Battle of the Drina|Drina]] meant that Serbia remained unconquered as the war entered its second year. However, an invasion by the forces of [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Austria-Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] overwhelmed the Serbs in the winter of 1915, and a subsequent withdrawal by the [[Serbian Army]] through Albania took the lives of more than 240,000 Serbs. Serb forces spent the remaining years of the war fighting on the [[Salonika front]] in Greece, before liberating Serbia from [[Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia|Austro-Hungarian occupation]] in November 1918.{{sfn|Miller|2005|pp=542–543}} Serbia suffered [[World War I casualties|the biggest casualty rate in World War I]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Radivojević|first1=Biljana|last2=Penev|first2=Goran|title=Demographic losses of Serbia in the first world war and their long-term consequences|journal=Economic Annals|year=2014|volume=59|issue=203|pages=29–54|doi=10.2298/EKA1403029R|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Following the victory in WWI, Serbs subsequently formed the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] with other [[South Slavic peoples]]. The country was later renamed the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], and was led from 1921 to 1934 by King [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander I]] of the Serbian [[Karađorđević dynasty]].{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=544}} During [[World War II]], Yugoslavia was invaded by the [[Axis powers]] in April 1941. The country was subsequently divided into many pieces, with Serbia being directly occupied by the Germans.{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=545}} Serbs in the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) were targeted for extermination as part of [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide]] by the Croatian ultra-nationalist, fascist [[Ustaše]].{{sfn|Yeomans|2015|p=18}}{{sfn|Levy|2009}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Ustasa|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205904.pdf|publisher=[[Yad Vashem]]|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-date=8 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808002505/https://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205904.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Croatia: Serbs| date = 19 June 2015| url = https://minorityrights.org/minorities/serbs-2/| publisher = [[Minority Rights Group International]]| access-date = 28 July 2019| archive-date = 2 October 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053537/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/serbs-2/| url-status = live}}</ref> The Ustaše view of national and racial identity, as well as the theory of Serbs as an [[racism|inferior race]], was under the influence of [[Croatian nationalism|Croatian nationalists]] and intellectuals from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.{{sfn|Yeomans|2013|p=7}}{{sfn|Kallis|2008|pp=130–131}}{{sfn|Bartulin|2013|p=124}} [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac camp]] was notorious for the barbaric practices which occurred in it.{{sfn|Levy|2009}} [[Sisak children's concentration camp|Sisak]] and [[Jastrebarsko children's camp|Jastrebarsko concentration camp]] were specially [[Children in the Holocaust|formed for children]].<ref name="JMCSisakCamp">{{cite web|title=SISAK CAMP|url=http://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=7375|website=Jasenovac Memorial Cite|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131023148/http://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=7375|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Marija Vuselica: Regionen Kroatien in Der Ort des Terrors: Arbeitserziehungslager, Ghettos, Jugendschutzlager, Polizeihaftlager, Sonderlager, Zigeunerlager, Zwangsarbeiterlager, Volume 9 of Der Ort des Terrors, Publisher	C.H.Beck, 2009, {{ISBN|9783406572388}} pages 321–323</ref><ref>Anna Maria Grünfelder: Arbeitseinsatz für die Neuordnung Europas: Zivil- und ZwangsarbeiterInnen aus Jugoslawien in der "Ostmark" 1938/41-1945, Publisher Böhlau Verlag Wien, 2010 {{ISBN|9783205784531}} pages 101–106</ref> Serbs in the NDH suffered among the highest casualty rates in Europe during the World War II, while the NDH was one of the most lethal regimes in the 20th century.{{sfn|Charny|1999|pp=18–23}}{{sfn|Payne|2006|pp=18–23}}{{sfn|Dulić|2006}} [[Diana Budisavljević]], a humanitarian of Austrian descent, carried out rescue operations from Ustaše camps and saved more than 15,000 children, mostly Serbs.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Kolanović | editor-first = Josip | publisher = [[Croatian State Archives]] and Public Institution [[Jasenovac Memorial Area]] | title = Dnevnik Diane Budisavljević 1941–1945 | location = Zagreb | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-9-536-00562-8 |pages=284–85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Die Heldin aus Innsbruck – Diana Obexer Budisavljević|year=2014|publisher=Svet knjige|location=Belgrade|url=http://svetknjige.net/book.php?var=531|first=Boško|last=Lomović|isbn=978-86-7396-487-4|page=28|access-date=28 July 2019|archive-date=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401180633/http://www.svetknjige.net/book.php?var=531|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Jasenovac HDR D.jpg|thumb|''[[Stone Flower (sculpture)|Stone Flower]]'', a monument dedicated to the victims of [[Jasenovac concentration camp|Jasenovac death camp]], which was part of the [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Genocide of Serbs]] committed by [[Ustaše]]]]
More than half a million Serbs were killed in the territory of Yugoslavia during World War II. Serbs in occupied Yugoslavia subsequently formed a resistance movement known as the [[Chetniks|Yugoslav Army in the Homeland]], or the Chetniks. The Chetniks had the official support of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] until 1943, when Allied support shifted to the Communist [[Yugoslav Partisans]], a multi-ethnic force, formed in 1941, which also had a large majority of Serbs in its ranks in the first two years of war. Over the entirety of the war, the ethnic composition of the Partisans was 53 percent Serb.{{sfn|Hoare|2011|p=207}}{{sfn|Calic|2019|p=463}} During the entire course of the WWII in Yugoslavia, 64.1% of all Bosnian Partisans were Serbs.<ref name="anubih.ba-Hoare">{{cite web |author1=Marko Attila Hoare |author1-link=Marko Attila Hoare |title=The Great Serbian threat, ZAVNOBiH and Muslim Bosniak entry into the People's Liberation Movement |url=https://publications.anubih.ba/bitstream/handle/123456789/52/Zbornik%20ZAVNOBiH%20sve%2015-04-2019-4-115-130.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y |website=anubih.ba |publisher=Posebna izdanja ANUBiH |access-date=21 December 2020 |pages=123 |language=en |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201071114/https://publications.anubih.ba/bitstream/handle/123456789/52/Zbornik%20ZAVNOBiH%20sve%2015-04-2019-4-115-130.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later, after the fall of Italy in September 1943, other ethnic groups joined Partisans in larger numbers.{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=545}}

At the end of the war, the Partisans, led by [[Josip Broz Tito]], emerged victorious. Yugoslavia subsequently became a Communist state. Tito died in 1980, and his death saw [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] plunge into economic turmoil.{{sfn|Miller|2005|pp=546–553}} Yugoslavia [[Breakup of Yugoslavia|disintegrated]] in the early 1990s, and a [[Yugoslav Wars|series of wars]] resulted in the creation of five new states. The heaviest fighting occurred in [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], whose Serb populations rebelled and declared independence. The [[Croatian War of Independence|war]] in Croatia ended in August 1995, with a Croatian military offensive known as [[Operation Storm]] put a stop to the [[Croatian Serb]] rebellion and causing as many as 200,000 Serbs to flee the country. The [[Bosnian War]] ended that same year, with the [[Dayton Agreement]] dividing the country along ethnic lines. In 1998–99, a [[Kosovo War|conflict]] in Kosovo between the Yugoslav Army and Albanians seeking independence erupted into full-out war, resulting in a 78-day-long [[NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO bombing campaign]] which effectively drove Yugoslav security forces from Kosovo.{{sfn|Miller|2005|pp=558–562}} Subsequently, more than 200,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians fled the province.<ref>{{cite news|last= Gall|first= Carlotta|newspaper= The New York Times|date= 7 May 2000|title= New Support to Help Serbs Return to Homes in Kosovo|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/07/world/new-support-to-help-serbs-return-to-homes-in-kosovo.html|access-date= 20 February 2017|archive-date= 3 February 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170203063048/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/07/world/new-support-to-help-serbs-return-to-homes-in-kosovo.html|url-status= live}}</ref> On 5 October 2000, Yugoslav [[President of Serbia and Montenegro|President]] [[Slobodan Milosević]] was overthrown in a bloodless revolt after he refused to admit defeat in the [[Yugoslavian general election, 2000|2000 Yugoslav general election]].{{sfn|Pavlowitch|2002|p=225}}