Editing Scotland (section)

===Union of the Crowns===
{{Main|Scotland in the early modern period|Union of the Crowns}}
[[File:Adam de Colone (c.1572-1651) - James VI and I (1566–1625), King of Scotland (1567–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625) - PG 2172 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|thumb|right|[[James VI and I|James VI]], [[King of Scotland]], succeeded to the English and Irish thrones in 1603.]]

The [[Treaty of Perpetual Peace]] was signed in 1502 by [[James IV of Scotland]] and [[Henry VII of England]]. James married Henry's daughter, [[Margaret Tudor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=James IV, King of Scots 1488–1513 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/james_iv |publisher=BBC |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-date=19 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219173805/http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/articles/james_iv/ |url-status=live }}</ref> James invaded England in support of France under the terms of the [[Auld Alliance]] and became the last monarch in [[Great Britain]] to die in battle, at [[Battle of Flodden|Flodden]] in 1513.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Flodden, (Sept.&nbsp;9, 1513) |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210431/Battle-of-Flodden |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2 September 2023 |access-date=25 November 2010 |archive-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426233409/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/210431/Battle-of-Flodden |url-status=live }}</ref> The war with England during the minority years of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] between 1543 and 1551 is known as the [[Rough Wooing]].<ref>[[Marcus Merriman]], ''The Rough Wooings'' (East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000), p. 6.</ref> In 1560, the [[Treaty of Edinburgh]] brought an end to the [[Siege of Leith]] and recognized the Protestant [[Elizabeth I]] as Queen of England.<ref name="Mason" />{{Rp|112}} The [[Scottish Reformation Parliament|Parliament of Scotland]] met and immediately adopted the [[Scots Confession]], which signalled the [[Scottish Reformation]]'s sharp break from papal authority and Roman Catholic teaching.<ref name="short" />{{Rp|44}} The Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, was forced to [[Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord, and his Majesty's Coronation 1567|abdicate in 1567]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion, Marriage and Power in Scotland, 1503–1603 |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/religion.htm |publisher=The National Archives of the United Kingdom |access-date=27 November 2010 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707113937/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/utk/scotland/religion.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1603, [[James VI and I|James VI, King of Scots]] inherited the thrones of the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] in the [[Union of the Crowns]], and moved to London.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ross |first=David |title=Chronology of Scottish History |publisher=Geddes & Grosset |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85534-380-1 |page=56 |quote='''1603:''' James VI becomes [[James I of England]] in the [[Union of the Crowns]], and leaves Edinburgh for London}}</ref> This was a [[personal union]] as despite having the same monarch the kingdoms retained their separate parliaments, laws and other institutions. The first [[Union Jack]] was designed at James's behest, to be flown in addition to the [[Flag of Scotland|St Andrew's Cross]] on Scots vessels at sea. James VI and I intended to create a single kingdom of Great Britain, but was thwarted in his attempt to do so by the [[Parliament of England]], which supported the wrecking proposal that a full legal union be sought instead, a proposal to which the Scots Parliament would not assent, causing the king to withdraw the plan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On this Day: 21 November 1606: The proposed union between England and Scotland {{!}} History of Parliament Online |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/periods/stuarts/day-21-november-1606-proposed-union-between-england-and-scotland |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125101617/https://historyofparliamentonline.org/periods/stuarts/day-21-november-1606-proposed-union-between-england-and-scotland |url-status=live }}</ref>

Except for a short period under [[the Protectorate]], Scotland remained a separate state in the 17th century, but there was considerable conflict between the crown and the [[Covenanters]] over the form of [[Presbyterian church governance|church government]].<ref name="Wormald">{{Cite book |last=Wormald |first=Jenny |title=Scotland: A History |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199601646 |editor-last=Wormald |editor-first=Jenny |location=Oxford |language=en |chapter=Confidence and Perplexity: The Seventeenth Century |author-link=Jenny Wormald |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/scotland00jenn |chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>{{Rp|124}} The military was strengthened, allowing the imposition of royal authority on the western Highland clans. The 1609 [[Statutes of Iona]] compelled the cultural integration of Hebridean clan leaders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devine |first=T M |title=The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600–1900 |date=2018 |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0241304105 |location=London}}</ref>{{Rp|37–40}} In 1641 and again in 1643, the Parliament of Scotland unsuccessfully sought a union with England which was "federative" and not "incorporating", in which Scotland would retain a separate parliament.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=BBC – History – British History in depth: Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/acts_of_union_01.shtml |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220160524/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/acts_of_union_01.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> The issue of union split the parliament in 1648.<ref name=":5" />

After the execution of the Scottish king at [[Whitehall]] in 1649, amid the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] and [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|its events in Scotland]], [[Oliver Cromwell]], the victorious [[Lord Protector]], imposed the British Isles' first written constitution – the [[Instrument of Government]] – on Scotland in 1652 as part of the republican [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland]].<ref name=":5" /> The Protectorate Parliament was the first Westminster parliament to include representatives nominally from Scotland. The monarchy of the [[House of Stuart]] was resumed with the [[Restoration in Scotland]] in 1660. The Parliament of Scotland sought a commercial union with England in 1664; the proposal was rejected in 1668.<ref name=":5" /> In 1670 the Parliament of England rejected a proposed political union with Scotland.<ref name=":5" /> English proposals along the same lines were abandoned in 1674 and in 1685.<ref name=":5" /> The Scots Parliament rejected proposals for a political union with England in 1689.<ref name=":5" /> [[Jacobitism]], the political support for the exiled Catholic Stuart dynasty, remained a threat to the security of the British state under the Protestant [[House of Orange]] and the succeeding [[House of Hanover]] until the defeat of the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]].<ref name=":5" /> In 1698, the [[Company of Scotland]] attempted a project to secure a trading colony on the [[Isthmus of Panama]]. Almost every Scottish landowner who had money to spare is said to have invested in the [[Darien scheme]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Why did the Scottish parliament accept the Treaty of Union? |url=http://www.scottishaffairs.org/backiss/pdfs/sa52/Sa52_Scott.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003123611/http://www.scottishaffairs.org/backiss/pdfs/sa52/Sa52_Scott.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=1 May 2013 |publisher=Scottish Affairs}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Popular Opposition to the Ratification of the Treaty of Anglo-Scottish Union in 1706–7 |url=https://scottishhistorysociety.com/popular-opposition-to-the-ratification-of-the-treaty-of-anglo-scottish-union-in-1706-7 |access-date=23 March 2017 |website=scottishhistorysociety.com |publisher=Scottish Historical Society |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728164330/https://scottishhistorysociety.com/popular-opposition-to-the-ratification-of-the-treaty-of-anglo-scottish-union-in-1706-7/ |url-status=live }}</ref>