Editing Sarmatians (section)

==Archaeology==
[[File:Lower-Volga Sarmatian burials, 2nd-1st centuries BCE.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Lower-Volga Sarmatian burials, 2nd-1st centuries BCE. The burials have two types of swords: swords with traditional Sarmatian crescent-shaped pommels and swords with Asian ring pommels, indicative of the influx of new populations from Central Asia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Skripkin |first1=A. S. |last2=Klepikov |first2=V. M. |title=ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION OF THE 2nd—1st CENTURIES BC AND SOME ETHNIC ISSUES OF THE SARMATIANS |journal=Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine |date=17 May 2020 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=214–222 |doi=10.37445/adiu.2020.03.11 |quote=The paper concerns with chronological analysis of Early Sarmatian military burials with two swords in the Lower Volga region dated to the last centuries BC. There are two combinations of the different bladed weapons in the burials: swords with a ring pommel and daggers with a crescent-shaped pommel; swords without metal pommel with the rhomboid cross-bar and daggers with a crescent-shaped pommel. Swords and daggers with a crescent-shaped pommel are absent in the burials after the turn of AD. Swords and daggers with ring pommel or rhomboid-shaped cross-bar have appeared during the new migration wave in the Lower Volga region not earlier than in the 2nd century BC. This determines the chronological framework of the assemblages. Daggers and swords with a crescent-shaped pommel are the local product, they were used much earlier than the swords of migratory origin. The authors suggest that the emergence of innovations is associated with the migration of the 2nd—1st centuries BC from Central Asia, because in addition to swords with ring pommel and bronze cross-bar without metal pommel, there were found bronze openwork and lattice buckles, jet buckles and cubic incense burners, well known in the East.|doi-access=free }}</ref>]]
[[File:Samartian-Persian necklace and amulet.png|thumb|A Sarmatian-Parthian gold necklace and amulet, second century CE - Tamoikin Art Fund.]]
In 1947, Soviet archaeologist [[Boris Grakov]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schubert |first1=Charlotte |last2=Weiß |first2=Alexander |title=Amazonen zwischen Griechen und Skythen: Gegenbilder in Mythos und Geschichte |date=22 March 2013 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-028616-8 |page=85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1gX0IFEAFoC&pg=PA85 |language=de}}</ref> defined a culture flourishing from the 6th century BCE to the 4th century CE, apparent in late [[kurgan]] graves (buried within earthwork mounds), sometimes reusing part of much older kurgans.<ref>Граков Б. Н. [http://liberea.gerodot.ru/a_hist/sarmaty01.htm ГYNAIKOKPATOYMENOI (Пережитки матриархата у сарматов)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121182848/http://liberea.gerodot.ru/a_hist/sarmaty01.htm |date=21 November 2021 }}//ВДИ, 1947. № 3</ref> It was a [[nomad]]ic steppe culture ranging from the [[Black Sea]] eastward to beyond the [[Volga]] that is especially evident at two of the major sites at Kardaielova and [[Chernaya River (Saint Petersburg)|Chernaya]] in the trans-Uralic steppe. The four phases – distinguished by grave construction, [[burial customs]], [[grave goods]], and geographical spread – are:{{sfn|Sinor|1990|p=113}}<ref name="Genito2002">{{cite book|last=Genito|first=Bruno|title=The Elusive Frontiers of the Eurasian Steppes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5WMZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|date=1 November 2002|publisher=All’Insegna del Giglio|isbn=978-88-7814-283-1|pages=57–}}</ref><ref name="MG158">{{cite journal |last1=Gursoy |first1=M. |title=Жазба Және Археологиялық Деректер Негізінде Савромат-Сармат Тайпаларының Шығу Тегі |journal=BULLETIN Series Historical and Socio-political Sciences |date=28 February 2023 |volume=1 |issue=72 |page=158 |doi=10.51889/2022-1.1728-5461.16 |quote=In particular, B. N. Grakov proposed a general four-stage chronology  of  the Savromat-Sarmatian  tribes,  based  on  the  specifics  of  their  burial  structures,  burial traditions and material world:  1.The Savromat period or Blumenfeld -VI-IV centuries BC. 2.Savromat-Sarmatian or Prokhorov period-IV-II Centuries BC. 3.The middle Sarmatian period or Suslov -II BC -II Centuries AD.  4.The late Sarmatian period or Shipov –II –IV centuries AD. Since this proposal is generally supported by the majority, this chronology is taken as a basis in the research papers.|doi-access=free }}</ref>

#[[Sauromatian culture|Sauromatian]], 6th–5th centuries BCE, also called the "Blumenfeld culture"
#Early Sarmatian, 4th–2nd centuries BCE, also called the "Prokhorovka culture"
#Middle Sarmatian, late 2nd century BCE to late 2nd century CE, also called the "Suslov culture"
#Late Sarmatian, late 2nd century CE to 4th century CE, also called the "Shipov culture"

While "Sarmatian" and "Sauromatian" are synonymous as ethnonyms, by convention they are given different meanings as archaeological technical terms. The term "Prokhorovka culture" derives from a complex of mounds in the [[Prokhorovski District]], [[Orenburg Oblast|Orenburg region]], excavated by [[Sergei Rudenko|S. I. Rudenko]] in 1916.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yablonskii |first1=Leonid |last2=Balakhvantsev |first2=Archil |title=A Silver Bowl from the New Excavations of the Early Sarmatian Burial-Ground Near the Village of Prokhorovka |journal=Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia |date=1 January 2009 |volume=15 |issue=1–2 |pages=167–169 |doi=10.1163/092907709X12474657004809 |url=https://www.academia.edu/24230329 |language=en}}</ref>

Reportedly, during 2001 and 2006 a great Late Sarmatian pottery centre was unearthed near [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] in the [[Üllő5]] archaeological site. Typical grey, granular Üllő5 ceramics form a distinct group of Sarmatian pottery is found ubiquitously in the north-central part of the [[Great Hungarian Plain]] region, indicating a lively trading activity.

A 1998 paper on the study of glass beads found in Sarmatian graves suggests wide cultural and trade links.<ref>[http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/pdffiles/hallandyablonsky1998.pdf "Chemical Analyses of Sarmatian Glass Beads from Pokrovka, Russia"] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050415164245/http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/pdffiles/hallandyablonsky1998.pdf |date=15 April 2005 }}, by Mark E. Hall and Leonid Yablonsky.</ref>

A 2023 paper on a grave discovered in [[Cambridgeshire]], England found via [[archaeogenetics]] that the person had Sarmatian-related ancestry, and was not related to the local population. Stable [[Isotope analysis#Reconstructing ancient diets|isotope analysis]] of his teeth determined that he had probably migrated long distances twice in his life. One tooth was [[Radiocarbon dating|radiocarbon dated]] to cal 126-228 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Marina |last2=Booth |first2=Thomas |last3=Moore |first3=Joanna |last4=Anastasiadou |first4=Kyriaki |last5=Walker |first5=Don |last6=Gilardet |first6=Alexandre |last7=Barrington |first7=Christopher |last8=Kelly |first8=Monica |last9=Williams |first9=Mia |last10=Henderson |first10=Michael |last11=Smith |first11=Alex |last12=Bowsher |first12=David |last13=Montgomery |first13=Janel |last14=Skoglund |first14=Pontus |title=An individual with Sarmatian-related ancestry in Roman Britain |journal=Current Biology |date=19 December 2023 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=204–212.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2023.11.049 |doi-access=free |pmid=38118448 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pallab |title=DNA sleuths solve mystery of the 2,000-year old corpse |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67755415 |website=BBC News |date=19 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

Archaeological evidence suggests that Scythian-Sarmatian cultures may have given rise to the Greek legends of [[Amazons]]. Graves of armed women have been found in southern Ukraine and Russia. David Anthony noted that approximately 20% of Scythian-Sarmatian "warrior graves" on the lower [[Don River (Russia)|Don]] and [[lower Volga]] contained women dressed for battle as warriors and he asserts that encountering that cultural phenomenon "probably inspired the Greek tales about the Amazons."<ref name=anthonyd>{{Cite book
 | last = Anthony | first = David W.
 | title = The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
 | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 2007
 | isbn = 978-0-691-05887-0
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rOG5VcYxhiEC
}}</ref>