Editing Sarajevo (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Sarajevo}}
{{For timeline}}
{{See also|History of Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

{{Quote box |width=23em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE
|title=Historical affiliations
|fontsize=90% |quote=
{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} 1461–1878 ''de facto'', 1908 ''de jure''
{{ubl|{{flagicon image|Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg}} [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] 1878 ''de facto'', 1908 ''de jure''–1918|
{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Slovenes%2C Croats and Serbs.svg}} [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] 1918|
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] 1918–1929|
{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] 1929–1941|
{{flag|Independent State of Croatia}} 1941–1945|
{{flag|SFR Yugoslavia}} 1945–1992|
{{flag|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} 1992–1995|
{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} 1995–present}}
}}

===Ancient times===
{{Main|Stari Grad, Sarajevo}}
[[File:Butmirska vaza.jpg|thumb|[[Neolithic]] period [[Butmir culture|Butmir]] vase]]

One of the earliest findings of settlement in the Sarajevo area is that of the Neolithic [[Butmir culture]]. The discoveries at [[Butmir]] were made on the grounds of the modern-day Sarajevo suburb [[Ilidža]] in 1893 by [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] authorities during the construction of an agricultural school. The area's richness in [[flint]] was attractive to Neolithic humans, and the settlement flourished. The settlement developed unique ceramics and pottery designs, which characterize the Butmir people as a unique culture, as described at the International Congress of Archaeologists and [[anthropology|Anthropologists]] meeting in Sarajevo in 1894.<ref>[http://www.sarajevo-tourism.com/eng/sarajevothroughhistory.wbsp "The Culture & History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212025705/http://www.sarajevo-tourism.com/eng/sarajevothroughhistory.wbsp |date=12 December 2007 }}, Tourism Association of Sarajevo Canton, Retrieved on 3 August 2006.</ref>

The next prominent culture in Sarajevo was the [[Illyrians]]. The ancient people, who considered most of the [[Balkans#Western Balkans|Western Balkans]] as their homeland, had several key settlements in the region, mostly around the river [[Miljacka]] and the Sarajevo valley. The Illyrians in the Sarajevo region belonged to the ''[[Daesitiates]]'', the last Illyrian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina to resist [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] occupation. Their defeat by the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] emperor [[Tiberius]] in 9 AD marks the start of Roman rule in the region. The Romans never built up the region of modern-day Bosnia, but the [[Colonies in antiquity|Roman colony]] of Aquae Sulphurae was near the top of present-day Ilidža, and was the most important settlement of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=2498 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013171041/http://www.aneks8komisija.com.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=2498 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-13 |title=Commission to preserve national monuments |date=2007-10-13 |access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> After the Romans, the [[Goths]] settled the area, followed by the [[Slavs]] in the 7th century.<ref name=Brit>"Sarajevo", ''New Britannica'', volume 10, edition 15 (1989). {{ISBN|0-85229-493-X}}.</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{See also|Sarajevo during the Middle Ages}}
[[File:Ilidža Rimski most 3.jpg|thumb|[[Roman bridge in Ilidža|Roman bridge]], erected 1530 in [[Ilidža]], built of remnants of an old Roman settlement]]

During the [[Middle Ages]], Sarajevo was part of the Bosnian province of Vrhbosna near the traditional center of the [[Kingdom of Bosnia]]. Though a city named ''Vrhbosna'' existed, the exact settlement in Sarajevo at this time is [[History of Sarajevo#Middle Ages|debated]]. Various documents note a place called ''Tornik'' in the region, most likely in the area of the [[Marijin Dvor (Sarajevo)|Marijin Dvor]] neighborhood. By all indications, Tornik was a very small marketplace surrounded by a proportionally small village and was not considered very important by [[Dubrovnik|Ragusan]] merchants.

Other scholars say that ''Vrhbosna'' was a major town in the wider area of modern-day Sarajevo. [[Holy See|Papal]] documents say that in 1238, a cathedral dedicated to [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]] was built in the area. Disciples of the notable saints [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Cyril]] and [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Methodius]] stopped in the region, founding a church near [[Vrelo Bosne]]. Whether or not the town was somewhere in the area of modern-day Sarajevo, the documents attest to its and the region's importance. There was also a citadel [[Hodidjed]] north-east to the [[Stari Grad, Sarajevo|Old City]], dating from around 1263 until it was occupied by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1429.<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/65/sa/Sarajevo.html "Sarajevo"], ''[[Columbia Encyclopedia]]'', edition 6, Retrieved on 3 August 2006 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829204950/http://www.bartleby.com/65/sa/Sarajevo.html |date=29 August 2006 }}</ref>

===Ottoman era===
{{See also|Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine|Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina|Sacking of Sarajevo}}
[[File:Sarajevo Bascarsija Sebilj 2007-08-16 (7).jpg|thumb|The [[Sebilj in Sarajevo|Sebilj]] is a [[Ottoman Empire|pseudo-Ottoman]] style wooden [[fountain]] in the centre of [[Baščaršija]] square. The current structure is an 1891 reconstruction of the original, which burnt down in 1852]]

Sarajevo was founded by the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1450s upon its conquest of the region, with 1461 used as the city's founding date. The first Ottoman governor of [[Bosnia Eyalet|Bosnia]], [[Isa-Beg Ishaković]], transformed the cluster of villages into a city and state capital by building several key structures, including a mosque, a closed marketplace, a [[hamam]], a [[caravansarai]], a bridge, and of course the governor's palace ("Saray"), which gave the city its present name in conjunction with “evo”. The mosque was named "Careva Džamija" (the [[Emperor's Mosque]]) in honor of Sultan [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Mehmed II]]. With the improvements, Sarajevo quickly grew into the largest city in the region. By the [[15th century]] the settlement was established as a city, named ''Bosna-Saraj'', around the citadel in 1461.

Following the [[expulsion of Jews from Spain]] at the end of the 15th century, and the invitation from the Ottoman Empire to resettle their population, [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jews]] arrived in Sarajevo, which over time would become a leading center of Sephardic culture and the [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino language]]. Though relatively small in size, a Jewish quarter would develop over several blocks in [[Baščaršija]].

Many local Christians converted to Islam at this time. To accommodate the new pilgrims on the road to [[Mecca]], in 1541, [[Gazi Husrev-beg]]'s quartermaster Vekil-Harrach built a pilgrim's mosque which it is still known to this day as the [[Hadžijska Mosque]].

Under leaders such as the second governor Gazi Husrev-beg, Sarajevo grew at a rapid rate. Husrev-beg greatly shaped the physical city, as most of what is now the Old Town was built during his reign. Sarajevo became known for its large marketplace and numerous mosques, which by the middle of the 16th century numbered more than 100. At the peak of the empire, Sarajevo was the biggest and most important Ottoman city in the Balkans after [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-29 |title=Life in Sarajevo |url=https://www.ius.edu.ba:443/life-sarajevo |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=International University of Sarajevo |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408054803/https://www.ius.edu.ba/life-sarajevo |url-status=live }}</ref> By 1660, the population of Sarajevo was estimated to be over 80,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Velikonja |first=Mitja |title=Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=1-58544-226-7 |pages=121}}</ref> By contrast, [[Belgrade]] in 1683 had 100,000,<ref name="The History of Belgrade">{{cite web |url=http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |title=The History of Belgrade: Middle Ages - Turkish Conquest - Liberation of Belgrade |last=Belgradenet.com |website=www.belgradenet.com |access-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230032249/http://www.belgradenet.com/belgrade_history_middle_ages.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Zagreb]] as late as 1851 had 14,000 people. As political conditions changed, Sarajevo became the site of warfare.

[[File:Impressions of Sarajevo (2496832484).jpg|thumb|The [[Sarajevo Clock Tower]] and [[Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque]]]]

In 1697, during the [[Great Turkish War]], a raid was led by [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] against the Ottoman Empire, [[Sacking of Sarajevo|which conquered Sarajevo and left it plague-infected and burned to the ground]]. After his men had looted thoroughly, they set the city on fire and destroyed nearly all of it in one day. Only a handful of neighborhoods, some mosques, and an [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox church]] were left standing. Numerous other fires weakened the city, which was later rebuilt but never fully recovered from the destruction. By 1807, it had only some 60,000 residents.<ref name=":0" />

In the 1830s, several battles of the [[Bosnian uprising (1831–32)|Bosnian uprising]] had taken place around the city. These had been led by [[Husein Gradaščević]]. Today, a major city street is named ''Zmaj od Bosne'' (Dragon of Bosnia) in his honor. The rebellion failed and for several more decades, the Ottoman state remained in control of Bosnia.

The Ottoman Empire made Sarajevo an important administrative center by 1850. [[Baščaršija]] became the central commercial district and cultural center of the city in the 15th century when Isa-Beg Ishaković founded the town.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://roker.bloger.hr/post/bascarsija/1118045.aspx |title=Baščaršija |work=bloger.hr |access-date=24 September 2015 |archive-date=2 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502051957/http://roker.bloger.hr/post/bascarsija/1118045.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The toponym Baščaršija derives from the [[Turkish language]].

===Austria-Hungary===
{{See also|Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878}}
[[File:Minutos previos al atentado en Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]] arrives at [[National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina|the city hall]] on the day of his assassination, 28 June 1914]]

[[Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Austria-Hungary's occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] came in 1878 as part of the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]], and [[Bosnian Crisis|complete annexation]] followed in 1908, angering the [[Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbs]]. Sarajevo was industrialized by Austria-Hungary, who used the city as a testing area for new inventions such as [[Trams in Sarajevo|tramways]], which were established in 1885 before they were later installed in [[Vienna]]. Architects and engineers wanting to help rebuild Sarajevo as a modern European capital rushed to the city. A fire that burned down a large part of the central city area (''čaršija'') left more room for redevelopment. As a result, the city has a unique blend of the remaining Ottoman city market and contemporary Western architecture. Sarajevo also has some examples of Secession- and Pseudo-[[Moors|Moorish]] styles that date from this period.

[[File:Latin Bridge in Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|The [[Latin Bridge]] was the site of the [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|assassination of Franz Ferdinand]]]]

The [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] period was one of great development for the city, as the Western power brought its new acquisition up to the standards of the [[Victorian era|Victorian age]]. Various factories and other buildings were built at this time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhtourism.ba/eng/history_city.wbsp?wbf_mjesto=;1; |title=BH Tourism – History |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313141355/http://bhtourism.ba/eng/history_city.wbsp?wbf_mjesto=;1; |archive-date=13 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and a large number of institutions were both Westernized and modernized. For the first time in history, Sarajevo's population began writing in [[Latin alphabet|Latin script]].<ref name=Brit /><ref>FICE (International Federation of Educative Communities) Congress 2006. [http://www.fice-congress2006.org/french/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=6 Sarajevo&nbsp;– History.]{{dead link|date=February 2016}} Congress in Sarajevo. Retrieved on 3 August 2006.</ref>
For the first time in centuries, the city significantly expanded outside its traditional borders. Much of the city's contemporary central municipality ([[Centar, Sarajevo|Centar]]) was constructed during this period.

Architecture in Sarajevo quickly developed into a wide range of styles and buildings. The [[Sarajevo cathedral|Sacred Heart Cathedral]], for example, was constructed using elements of [[Gothic Revival architecture|neo-gothic]] and [[Romanesque architecture]]. The [[National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina|National Museum]], [[Sarajevska pivara|Sarajevo brewery]], and [[Vijećnica|City Hall]] were also constructed during this period. Additionally, Austrian officials made Sarajevo the first city in this part of Europe to have a [[tram]]way.

[[File:Academy of fine art and Festina lente.jpg|thumb|The [[Academy of Fine Arts Sarajevo|Academy of Fine Arts]] was originally built to serve as an [[Reformed Church in Austria|Evangelical Church]] in 1899]]

Although the Bosnia Vilayet ''[[de jure]]'' remained part of the Ottoman Empire, it was ''[[de facto]]'' governed as an integral part of Austria-Hungary with the Ottomans having no say in its day-to-day governance. This lasted until 1908 when the territory was formally annexed and turned into a [[condominium (international law)|condominium]], jointly controlled by both Austrian [[Cisleithania]] and Hungarian [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Transleithania]].

The event that triggered [[World War I]] was the  [[Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand|assassination]] of [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]], along with his wife [[Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg]] in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by [[Gavrilo Princip]], a Bosnian Serb and self-declared Yugoslav, and member of [[Young Bosnia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/archduke-franz-ferdinand-assassinated |title=Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated – Jun 28, 1914 – HISTORY.com |work=history.com |access-date=29 September 2016 |archive-date=24 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924221049/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/archduke-franz-ferdinand-assassinated |url-status=live }}</ref> This was followed by the [[Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo]], which resulted in two deaths and destruction of property.
[[File:MapSaraevo1932-1824.jpg|thumb|Detailed plan of Sarajevo, 1932]]
In the ensuing war, however, most of the Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade, and Sarajevo largely escaped damage and destruction. Following the war, Bosnia was annexed into the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], and Sarajevo became the capital of the [[Drina Banovina|Drina Province]].

===Yugoslavia===
[[File:Vjecna vatra, Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|The [[Eternal flame (Sarajevo)|Eternal flame]], a memorial to the military and civilian victims of [[World War II]] in Sarajevo]]

After World War I and pressure from the [[Royal Serbian Army]], alongside rebelling [[Slavs|Slavic]] nations in [[Austria-Hungary]], Sarajevo became part of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. Though it held some political significance as the center of first the Bosnian region and then the Drinska Banovina, the city was no longer a national capital and saw a decline in global influence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/europe/la-tr-d-sarajevo-timeline-20140727-story.html |title=Timeline: A short history of Sarajevo and region |work=Los Angeles Times |date=25 July 2014 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604115511/https://www.latimes.com/travel/europe/la-tr-d-sarajevo-timeline-20140727-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's army was overrun by German and Italian forces. Following a German bombing campaign, Sarajevo was captured on 15 April 1941 by the [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Motorized Infantry Division]]. The [[Axis powers]] created the [[Independent State of Croatia]] and included Sarajevo in its territory.

Immediately following the occupation, the main Sephardi Jewish synagogue, [[Il Kal Grande]], was looted, burned, and destroyed by the [[Nazism|Nazis]]. Within a matter of months, the centuries-old Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jewish communities of Sarajevo, comprising the vast majority of [[History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian Jewry]], would be rounded up in the Old Synagogue (Stari hram) and deported to their deaths in [[Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia|Croatian concentration camps]]. Roughly 85% of Bosnia's Jewish population would perish at the hands of the Nazis and the [[Ustaše]] [[The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia|during the Holocaust in the region]]. The [[Sarajevo Haggadah]] was the most important artifact which survived this period, smuggled out of Sarajevo and saved from the Nazis and Ustaše by the chief librarian of the National Museum, [[Derviš Korkut]].

[[File:Sarajevo Vraca Spomen Park 4.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Vraca Memorial Park]] is a park dedicated to World War II victims in the city]]

On 12 October 1941, a group of 108 notable [[Bosniaks|Bosniak]] citizens of Sarajevo signed the [[Resolution of Sarajevo Muslims]] by which they condemned the [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Genocide of Serbs]] organized by the Ustaše, made a distinction between the Bosniaks who participated in such persecutions and the rest of the Bosniak population, presented information about the persecutions of Bosniaks by the [[Ustaše]], and requested security for all citizens of the country, regardless of their identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hadžijahić |first=Muhamed |title=Istorija Naroda Bosne i Hercegovine |year=1973 |publisher=Institut za istoriju radničkog pokreta |location=Sarajevo |language=sh |page=277 |chapter=Muslimanske rezolucije iz 1941 godine [Muslim resolutions of 1941] |chapter-url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/47323922/Muhamed-Hadzijahic-Muslimanske-rezolucije-1941 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306083030/https://www.scribd.com/doc/47323922/Muhamed-Hadzijahic-Muslimanske-rezolucije-1941 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the summer of 1941, Ustaše militia periodically interned and executed groups of [[Serbs in Sarajevo|Sarajevo Serbs]].<ref name=Balić>{{cite journal |last=Balić |first=Emily Greble |title=When Croatia Needes Serbs: Nationalism and Genocide in Sarajevo, 1941-1942 |journal=Slavic Review |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=116–138 |year=2009 |doi=10.2307/20453271 |jstor=20453271|doi-access=free }}</ref> In August 1941, they arrested about one hundred Serbs suspected of ties to the resistance armies, mostly church officials and members of the intelligentsia, and executed them or deported them to concentration camps.<ref name=Balić /> By mid-summer 1942, around 20,000 Serbs found refuge in Sarajevo from Ustaše terror.{{sfn|Gumz|1998|p=}}

The city was bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] from 1943 to 1944.<ref>Robert J. Donia, ''Sarajevo: a biography''. [[University of Michigan]] Press, 2006. (p. 197)</ref> The [[Yugoslav Partisans|Yugoslav Partisan]] movement was represented in the city. In the period February–May 1945, [[Vjekoslav Luburić|Maks Luburić]] set up a Ustaše headquarters in a building known as [[Villa Luburić]] and used it as a torture and execution place whose 323 victims were identified after the war. The resistance was led by [[Vladimir Perić|Vladimir Perić Valter]], who died while leading the liberation of the city on 6 April 1945.

[[File:Sarajevo Novo Sarajevo.jpg|thumb|View west toward parts of [[Novo Sarajevo]]]]

After the war, Sarajevo was the capital of the [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] within the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. The Republic Government invested heavily in Sarajevo, building many new residential blocks in the municipalities of [[Novi Grad, Sarajevo|Novi Grad]] and [[Novo Sarajevo]], while simultaneously developing the city's industry and transforming Sarajevo into a modern city. Sarajevo grew rapidly as it became an important regional industrial center in Yugoslavia. Between the end of the war and the end of Yugoslavia, the city grew from a population of 115,000 to more than 600,000 people. The [[Vraca Memorial Park]], a monument for victims of World War II, was dedicated on 25 November, the "[[Statehood Day (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Statehood Day of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]" when the [[State Anti-fascist Council for the National Liberation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|ZAVNOBIH]] held their first meeting in 1943.<ref name=Donia>{{cite book |last=Donia |first=Robert J. |title=Sarajevo: A Biography |year=2006 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-11557-0 |pages=240–241}}</ref>

A crowning moment of Sarajevo's time in Socialist Yugoslavia was the [[1984 Winter Olympics]]. Sarajevo beat out [[Sapporo]], Japan, and [[Falun]]/[[Gothenburg]], Sweden, to host the [[Olympic Games]]. The games were followed by a tourism boom, making the 1980s one of the city's most prosperous decades.<ref>Sachs, Stephen E. (1994). [http://www.stevesachs.com/papers/paper_sarajevo.html Sarajevo: A Crossroads in History.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308212547/http://www.stevesachs.com/papers/paper_sarajevo.html |date=8 March 2008 }} Retrieved on 3 August 2006.</ref>

===Bosnian War===
{{Main|Siege of Sarajevo}}
{{See also|Sniper Alley}}
[[File:Sarajevo Red Line 3.jpeg|thumb|The [[Sarajevo Red Line]], a memorial event of the [[Siege of Sarajevo]]'s 20th anniversary. 11,541 empty chairs symbolized 11,541 victims of the war who were killed during the Siege<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city.ba/puls/1172-sarajevska-crvena-linija-11541/ |publisher=City.ba |title=Sarajevo Red Line – 1154 |language=bs |date=4 April 2012 |access-date=4 December 2013 |archive-date=21 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221091015/http://www.city.ba/puls/1172-sarajevska-crvena-linija-11541 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-novine.com/srbija/61616-Crvena-linija-rtve-opsade-Sarajeva.html/ |publisher=E-News |title=Red Line for the victims of the Siege of Sarajevo |language=bs |date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701163622/http://www.e-novine.com/srbija/61616-Crvena-linija-rtve-opsade-Sarajeva.html |archive-date=1 July 2012}}</ref>]]

The [[Bosnian War]] for independence resulted in large-scale destruction and dramatic population shifts during the [[Siege of Sarajevo]] between 1992 and 1996. Thousands of Sarajevans lost their lives under the constant bombardment and sniper shooting at civilians by the [[Army of Republika Srpska|Serb forces]] during the siege,<ref name="UNCOE">{{cite web |url=http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm |title=Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 |last=Bassiouni |first=Cherif |date=27 May 1994 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302163248/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm |archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref> the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article575571.ece |title=The new siege of Sarajevo |last=Connelly |first=Charlie |date=8 October 2005 |work=The Times |location=UK |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505131350/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bosnian Serb forces of the [[Republika Srpska]] and the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] besieged Sarajevo from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996.

[[File:Signing the Dayton Agreement Milosevic Tudjman Izetbegovic.jpg|thumb|The signing of the [[Dayton Agreement]] in [[Paris]] ended the 3 1⁄2-year-long [[Bosnian War]]]]

When [[1992 Bosnian independence referendum|Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence]] from [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and achieved [[United Nations]] recognition, Serbian leaders declared a new Serbian national state Republika Srpska (RS) which was carved out from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helsinki.org.rs/tjgenocide_t01.html |title=A statement at the seventh biennial meeting of the International Association of Genocide Scholars |last=Hartmann |first=Florence |date=July 2007 |publisher=Helsinki |access-date=11 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213022305/http://www.helsinki.org.rs/tjgenocide_t01.html |archive-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> The Army of Republika Srpska encircled Sarajevo with a siege force of 18,000<ref name=Times /> stationed in the surrounding hills, from which they assaulted the city with artillery, mortars, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, heavy machine guns, multiple rocket launchers, rocket-launched aircraft bombs, and sniper rifles.<ref name=Times>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3039582.ece |title=Serb general Dragomir Milosevic convicted over Sarajevo siege |last=Strange |first=Hannah |date=12 December 2007 |work=The Times |location=UK |access-date=10 May 2010 |archive-date=3 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903014053/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3039582.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> From 2 May 1992, the Serbs [[blockade]]d the city. The [[Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian government defense forces]] inside the besieged city were poorly equipped and unable to break the siege.

During the siege, 11,541 people were killed, including over 1,500 children. An additional 56,000 people were wounded, including nearly 15,000 children.<ref name="UNCOE" /> The [[1991 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina|1991 census]] indicates that before the siege, the city and its surrounding areas had a population of 525,980.

When the siege ended, the concrete scars caused by mortar shell explosions left marks that were filled with red resin. After the red resin was placed, it left floral patterns, which led to them being dubbed [[Sarajevo Rose]]s. Division of the territory according to the [[Dayton Agreement]] resulted in a [[Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs|mass exodus]] in early 1996 of some 62,000 Sarajevo Serbs from the city and its suburbs, creating today's more monoethnic post-war city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McEvoy |first1=Joanne |last2=O'Leary |first2=Brendan |author-link2=Brendan O'Leary |title=Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u68In2tKRwoC&pg=PA345 |date=22 April 2013 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0798-9 |page=345 |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153913/https://books.google.com/books?id=u68In2tKRwoC&pg=PA345 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Present===
{{Main|History of modern Sarajevo}}
[[File:BBI Shopping and Business Center.jpg|thumb|[[ARIA Centar]], erected in 2009]]

Various modern buildings now occupy Sarajevo's skyline, most significantly the [[Bosmal City Center]], [[ARIA Centar]], [[Sarajevo City Center]] (all three by architect [[Sead Gološ]]) and the [[Avaz Twist Tower]], which at the time of its building was the tallest skyscraper in former Yugoslavia.

In 2014, the city saw [[2014 unrest in Bosnia and Herzegovina|anti-government protests and riots]] and record rainfall [[2014 Southeast Europe floods|that caused historic flooding]]. Recent years have seen population growth as well as increases in tourism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.exportcouncil.ba/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107:bih-tourism-assessment-analysis-of-sarajevo-herzegovina-and-krajina-tourism-regions-and-recommendations-for-product-development-marketing-and-destination-management&catid=44:key-sectors-and-strategy-&Itemid=14 |title=BiH Tourism Assessment – Analysis of Sarajevo, Herzegovina and Krajina Tourism Regions and Recommendations for Product Development, Marketing and Destination Management &#124;Expo |publisher=Exportcouncil.ba |access-date=5 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The [[Sarajevo cable car]], also known as the Trebević cable car, Sarajevo's key landmark during the 1984 Winter Olympics, was rebuilt in 2017 and reopened on 6 April 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/svecano-otvorena-trebevicka-zicara-simbol-i-ponos-sarajeva/180406016|title=Svečano otvorena Trebevićka žičara, simbol i ponos Sarajeva|date=6 April 2018|access-date=6 April 2018|language=bs|publisher=Klix.ba}}</ref> The cable car runs from Sarajevo at Bistrik station to the slopes of [[Trebević]] at Vidikovac station.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://cloudlessness.wordpress.com/2018/04/06/chasing-the-olympic-dream/ |title=Chasing the Olympic dream |publisher=cloudlessness |access-date=6 April 2018}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>