Editing Samoyed dog (section)

=== Other health concerns ===
For the Samoyeds several breed-specific hereditary diseases are described in the veterinary literature:

* [[Diabetes in dogs|Diabetes mellitus]] similar but not identical to [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|human Type I]] (insulin deficiency): The disease occurs in middle-aged Samoyeds, the mean age at diagnosis is seven years. The cause is a chronic inflammation of the [[pancreas]] and/or [[autoimmune]] destruction of the [[beta cell]]s of [[islets of Langerhans]]. Moreover, [[autoantibodies]] to insulin were found in affected dogs. Several genetic markers are being discussed as possible causes.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12022409 |year=2002 |last1=Kimmel |first1=SE |last2=Ward |first2=CR |last3=Henthorn |first3=PS |last4=Hess |first4=RS |title=Familial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Samoyed dogs |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=235–8 |journal=Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association |doi=10.5326/0380235}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jhered/esm048 |title=Analysis of Candidate Susceptibility Genes in Canine Diabetes |year=2007 |last1=Short |first1=A. D. |last2=Catchpole |first2=B. |last3=Kennedy |first3=L. J. |last4=Barnes |first4=A. |last5=Fretwell |first5=N. |last6=Jones |first6=C. |last7=Thomson |first7=W. |last8=Ollier |first8=W. E.R. |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=518–525 |pmid=17611256|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* [[Progressive retinal atrophy]] (PRA) caused by a [[frameshift mutation]] in the [[RPRG]] locus of the X chromosome. The disease leads to a slowly progressive loss of vision, which eventually leads to blindness. The first symptoms appear between two and five years of age. The disease corresponds to the X-linked PRA type 3 in humans.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=7366567 |year=1980 |last1=Dice |first1=P. F. |title=Progressive retinal atrophy in the Samoyed |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=59–60 |journal=Modern Veterinary Practice}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jhered/esm060 |title=Independent Origin and Restricted Distribution of RPGR Deletions Causing XLPRA |year=2007 |last1=Zangerl |first1=B. |last2=Johnson |first2=J. L. |last3=Acland |first3=G. M. |last4=Aguirre |first4=G. D. |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=98 |issue=5 |pages=526–530 |pmid=17646274|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Short legs in conjunction with eye abnormalities: a genetic defect at the COL2A1 locus leads to disproportionate dwarfism due to short limbs in connection with cataracts, malformations of the retina or retinal detachment, liquefaction of the vitreous and a persistent [[hyaloid artery]]. The malformations of the retina are dominant (i.e. they occur in heterozygous dogs); the other symptoms are recessive, so that they are expressed only in homozygous dogs. These conditions have no effect on the expression of the protein [[opticin]].<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=12002589 |year=1983 |last1=Meyers |first1=VN |last2=Jezyk |first2=PF |last3=Aguirre |first3=GD |last4=Patterson |first4=DF |title=Short-limbed dwarfism and ocular defects in the Samoyed dog |volume=183 |issue=9 |pages=975–79 |journal= Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00842-3 |title=Cloning and characterization of opticin cDNA: evaluation as a candidate for canine oculo-skeletal dysplasia |year=2002 |last1= Pellegrini |first1=B |journal=Gene |volume=282 |pages=121–131 |pmid=11814684 |last2=Acland |first2=GM |last3= Ray |first3=J |issue=1–2}}</ref>
* [[Pulmonary stenosis]] occurs more frequently in Samoyeds in comparison with other breeds. The disease can cause shortness of breath, cardiac arrhythmias and rapid fatigue when moving, and increases the risk of congestive heart failure.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=6749116 |year=1984 |last1=McCaw |first1=D |last2=Aronson |first2=E |title=Congenital cardiac disease in dogs |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=509–12 |journal=Modern Veterinary Practice}}</ref>
* [[Hip dysplasia (canine)|Hip dysplasia]] is also a concern for Samoyeds.<ref name=Martin>{{cite journal |pmid=7459792 |year=1980 |last1=Martin |first1=SW |last2=Kirby |first2=K |last3=Pennock |first3=PW |title=Canine hip dysplasia: breed effects |volume=21 |issue=11 |pages=293–6 |pmc=1789813 |journal=The Canadian Veterinary Journal}}</ref>
* The breed can also be affected by [[sebaceous adenitis]], an uncommon [[idiopathic]] autoimmune skin disease.<ref name=Craig>{{cite journal |pages=62–8 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-3862.2006.tb00066.x |title=Clinical refresher: Canine sebaceous adenitis |year=2006 |last1=Craig |first1=Mark |journal=Companion Animal |volume=11 |issue=5}}</ref>