Editing Ronald Fisher (section)

==Legacy==
Fisher's doctoral students included [[Walter Bodmer]],<ref name=mathgene/> [[D. J. Finney]], [[Ebenezer Laing]],<ref name=GaltonInst2013/><ref name=mathgene/> [[Mary F. Lyon]]<ref name="zimmer"/> and [[C. R. Rao]].<ref name=mathgene/> Although a prominent opponent of [[Bayesian statistics]], Fisher was the first to use the term "Bayesian", in 1950.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Agresti |first=Alan |author2=David B. Hichcock |year=2005 |title=Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data Analysis |journal=Statistical Methods & Applications |issue=3 |page=298 |url=https://www.stat.ufl.edu/~aa/articles/agresti_hitchcock_2005.pdf |doi=10.1007/s10260-005-0121-y |volume=14|s2cid=18896230 }}</ref> The 1930 ''[[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]'' is commonly cited in biology books, and outlines many important concepts, such as:
* [[Parental investment]], is any parental expenditure (time, energy etc.) that benefits one [[offspring]] at a cost to [[parent]]s' ability to invest in other components of [[fitness (biology)|fitness]],<ref name=Clutton-Brock1991>{{cite book | last1=Clutton-Brock | first1=T.H. | year=1991 | title=The Evolution of Parental Care | location=Princeton, NJ | publisher=Princeton U. Press | pages=9}}</ref><ref name=Trivers1972>{{Citation | last1=Trivers | first1=R.L. | year=1972 | contribution=Parental investment and sexual selection | editor-first= B. | editor-last=Campbell | title=Sexual selection and the descent of man 1871–1971 | pages=136–179 | location=Chicago, IL | publisher=Aldine | isbn=978-0-435-62157-5 }}</ref> 
* [[File:Fisher-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg|thumb|upright|Stained glass window (now removed) in the dining hall of [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Caius College]], in Cambridge, commemorating Ronald Fisher and representing a [[Latin square]], discussed by him in ''[[The Design of Experiments]]'']][[Fisherian runaway]], explaining how the desire for a [[phenotypic trait]] in one sex combined with the trait in the other sex (for example a [[peafowl|peacock]]'s tail) creates a runaway evolutionary extremizing of the trait.
* [[Fisher's principle]], which explains why the [[sex ratio]] is mostly 1:1 in nature.
* [[Reproductive value (population genetics)|Reproductive value]] which implies that [[sexual reproduction|sexually reproductive]] value measures the contribution of an individual of a given age to the future growth of the [[population]].<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=16791649 | doi=10.1007/s00285-006-0376-4 | volume=53 | issue=1 | title=A theory of Fisher's reproductive value | journal=J Math Biol | pages=15–60 | last1=Grafen | first1=A| year=2006 | s2cid=24916638 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Relation Between Reproductive Value and Genetic Contribution|first1=Alison M.|last1=Etheridge|first2=Nicholas H.|last2=Barton|date=1 August 2011|journal=Genetics|volume=188|issue=4|pages=953–973|doi=10.1534/genetics.111.127555|pmid=21624999|pmc=3176105}}</ref>
* [[Fisher's fundamental theorem of natural selection]], which states that "the rate of increase in [[Fitness (biology)|fitness]] of any [[organism]] at any time is equal to its [[genetic variance]] in fitness at that time."<ref name="Fisher">[[R.A. Fisher|Fisher, R.A.]] (1930) ''[[The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection]]'', Clarendon Press, Oxford</ref>
* [[Fisher's geometric model]], an [[evolution]]ary model of the [[effect size]]s on [[fitness (biology)|fitness]] of spontaneous [[mutations]] proposed by Fisher to explain the distribution of effects of mutations that could contribute to [[adaptation (biology)|adaptive]] evolution.<ref name=brief-history>{{cite journal|last=Orr |first=Allen |title=The genetic theory of adaptation: a brief history |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |year=2005 |volume=6 |pages=119–127 |doi=10.1038/nrg1523 |pmid=15716908 |issue=2|s2cid=17772950 }}</ref>
* [[Sexy son hypothesis]], which hypothesizes that females may choose arbitrarily attractive male mates simply because they are attractive, thus increasing the attractiveness of their sons who attract more mates of their own. This is in contrast to theories of female mate choice based on the assumption that females choose attractive males because the attractive traits are markers of male viability.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kokko |first1=Hanna |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert |last3=Jennions |first3=Michael D. |last4=Morely |first4=Josephine |title=The evolution of mate choice and mating biases |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |date=17 February 2003 |volume=270 |issue=1515 |pages=653–664 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2002.2235 |pmid=12769467 |pmc=1691281}}</ref>
* [[Mimicry]], a similarity of one species to another that protects one or both.
* [[Dominance (genetics)|The evolution of dominance]], a relationship between [[allele]]s of one [[gene]], in which the effect on [[phenotype]] of one allele masks the contribution of a second allele at the same [[locus (genetics)|locus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=dominance |url=//www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/dominance |work=Oxford Dictionaries Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref>
* [[Heterozygote advantage]]<ref>Fisher R. A. 1930. ''The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection''.</ref> which was later found to play a frequent role in genetic polymorphism.
* Demonstrating that the probability of a mutation increasing the [[fitness (biology)|fitness]] of an organism decreases proportionately with the magnitude of the mutation and that larger populations carry more variation so that they have a greater chance of survival.

Fisher is also known for:

* [[Linear discriminant analysis]] is a generalization of Fisher's linear discriminant<ref name="Fisher_DA_1936" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Discriminant Analysis and Statistical Pattern Recognition |first1=G. J. |last1=McLachlan |publisher=Wiley Interscience |isbn=978-0-471-69115-0 |year=2004 |mr=1190469|doi=10.1002/0471725293 |series=Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics }}</ref> 
* [[Fisher information]], see also [[scoring algorithm]] also known as Fisher's scoring, and [[Minimum Fisher information]], a variational principle which, when applied with the proper constraints needed to reproduce empirically known expectation values, determines the best probability distribution that characterizes the system.<ref>B. R. Frieden, ''Science from Fisher Information'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 2004.</ref>
* [[F-distribution|''F''-distribution]], arises frequently as the null distribution of a [[test statistic]], most notably in the analysis of variance
* [[Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem]]: Fisher's contribution to this was made in 1927
* [[Fisher–Tippett distribution]] 
* [[Fisher–Yates shuffle]] algorithm 
* [[Von Mises–Fisher distribution]]<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Fisher | first1=R. A. | title=Dispersion on a sphere | year=1953 | journal=Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A | volume=217 | number=217 | pages=295–305| doi=10.1098/rspa.1953.0064 | bibcode=1953RSPSA.217..295F | s2cid=123166853 }}</ref> 
* [[Inverse probability]], a term Fisher used in 1922, referring to "the fundamental paradox of inverse probability" as the source of the confusion between statistical terms which refer to the true value to be estimated, with the actual value arrived at by estimation, which is subject to error.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fisher|first1=R. A.|title=On the Mathematical Foundations of Theoretical Statistics|journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A|date=1922|volume=222A|pages=309–368}}</ref> 
* [[Resampling (statistics)|Fisher's permutation test]]
* [[Fisher's inequality]]<ref>{{ cite journal | first1=R. A. | last1=Fisher | title=An examination of the different possible solutions of a problem in incomplete blocks | journal=Annals of Eugenics | volume=10 | year=1940 | pages=52–75 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.1940.tb02237.x| hdl=2440/15239 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> 
* [[Sufficient statistic]], when a statistic is ''sufficient'' with respect to a [[statistical model]] and its associated unknown parameter if "no other statistic that can be calculated from the same [[sample (statistics)|sample]] provides any additional information as to the value of the parameter".<ref name="Fisher1922">{{cite journal | last=Fisher | first=R.A. |author-link=Ronald Fisher | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A | title=On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics | volume=222 | issue=594–604 | year=1922 | pages=309–368 | url=https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/handle/2440/15172 | jstor=91208 | jfm=48.1280.02 |doi=10.1098/rsta.1922.0009| bibcode=1922RSPTA.222..309F | doi-access=free | hdl=2440/15172 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>
*[[Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution]], a generalization of the [[hypergeometric distribution]], where sampling probabilities are modified by weight factors.
* [[Student's t-distribution|Student's ''t''-distribution]], widely used in statistics.<ref name="Fisher 1925 90–104">{{Citation |last=Fisher |first=R. A. |author-link=Ronald Fisher |year=1925 |title=Applications of "Student's" distribution |journal=Metron |volume=5 |pages=90–104 |url=https://hekyll.services.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/15187/1/43.pdf }}.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1=Walpole | first1=Ronald | last2=Myers | first2=Raymond | last3=Myers | first3=Sharon | last4=Ye | first4=Keying | year=2002 | title=Probability and Statistics for Engineers and Scientists | publisher=Pearson Education | edition=7th | pages=237 | isbn=978-81-7758-404-2}}</ref>
* The concept of an [[ancillary statistic]] and the notion (the ancillarity principle) that one should condition on ancillary statistics.