Editing Roman Missal (section)

==Official English translations==
The [[International Commission on English in the Liturgy]] (ICEL) prepared an English translation of the 1970 Roman Missal, which was approved by the individual English-speaking [[episcopal conference]]s and, after being reviewed by the [[Holy See]], was put into effect, beginning with the United States in 1973.

The authority for the [[episcopal conference]]s, with the consent of the Holy See, to decide on such translations was granted by the Second Vatican Council.<ref>"It is for the competent territorial ecclesiastical authority mentioned in Art. 22, 2, to decide whether, and to what extent, the vernacular language is to be used; their decrees are to be approved, that is, confirmed, by the Apostolic See. And, whenever it seems to be called for, this authority is to consult with bishops of neighbouring regions which have the same language. Translations from the Latin text into the mother tongue intended for use in the liturgy must be approved by the competent territorial ecclesiastical authority mentioned above" ([https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'', Second Vatican Council, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, art. 36, 3-4).]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P1K.HTM |title=Code of Canon Law, canon 455 |publisher=Intratext.com |date=4 May 2007 |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

ICEL prepared a greatly altered English translation, and presented it for the consent of the Holy See in 1998. The Holy See withheld its consent and informed ICEL that the Latin text of the Missal, which must be the basis of translations into other languages, was being revised, making irrelevant a translation based on what would no longer be the official text of the Roman Missal.
 
On 28 March 2001, the Holy See issued the Instruction ''[[Liturgiam Authenticam]]'', which included the requirement that in translations of the liturgical texts from the official Latin originals, "the original text, insofar as possible, must be translated integrally and in the most exact manner, without omissions or additions in terms of their content, and without paraphrases or glosses. Any adaptation to the characteristics or the nature of the various vernacular languages is to be sober and discreet." This was a departure from the principle of [[dynamic equivalence|functional equivalence]] promoted in [[ICEL]] translations after the Second Vatican Council.

In the following year, the third typical edition of the revised Roman Missal in Latin, which had already been promulgated in 2000, was released. These two texts made clear the need for a new official English translation of the Roman Missal, particularly because the previous one was at some points an adaptation rather than strictly a translation. An example is the rendering of the response "''Et cum spiritu tuo''" (literally, "And with your spirit") as "And also with you." Accordingly, the International Commission on English in the Liturgy prepared, with some hesitancy on the part of the bishops, a new English translation of the Roman Missal, the completed form of which received the approval of the Holy See in April 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icelweb.org/news.htm |title=News |publisher=Icelweb.org |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

On 19 July 2001, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments established an international committee of English-speaking bishops, called the Vox Clara Committee, "to advise that Dicastery in its responsibilities related to the translation of liturgical texts in the English language and to strengthen effective cooperation with the Conferences of Bishops".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20021119_press-release-vox-clara_en.html|title=Press Release|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> On the occasion of the meeting of the committee in Rome in April 2002, Pope John Paul II sent them a message emphasizing that "fidelity to the rites and texts of the Liturgy is of paramount importance for the Church and Christian life" and charging the committee to ensure that "the texts of the Roman Rite are accurately translated in accordance with the norms of the Instruction ''Liturgiam authenticam''".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adoremus.org/0502VoxClara.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020505122241/http://www.adoremus.org/0502VoxClara.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2002 |author=Helen Hull Hitchcock |title=''Vox Clara'' committee to assure fidelity, accuracy |publisher=Adoremusweb.org |access-date=24 March 2014 }}</ref> ''Liturgiam authenticam'' also took from the Bishops' conferences the power to make its own translations and instituted a papal commission, Vox Clara, to revise the Bishops' work. In 2008 it made an estimated 10,000 changes to the ICEL's proposed text. By 2017 Pope Francis had formed a commission to review and evaluate ''Liturgiam authenticam''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/revisiting-liturgiam-authenticam-part-i-vox-clara|title=Revisiting Liturgiam Authenticam, Part I: Vox Clara {{!}} Commonweal Magazine|website=www.commonwealmagazine.org|date=30 January 2017 |access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/revisiting-liturgiam-authenticam-update|title=Revisiting 'Liturgiam Authenticam': An Update {{!}} Commonweal Magazine|website=www.commonwealmagazine.org|date=27 March 2017 |access-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>

The work of making a new translation of the Roman Missal was completed in time to enable the national episcopal conference in most English-speaking countries to put it into use from the first Sunday of Advent (27 November) 2011.

As well as translating "Et cum spiritu tuo" as "And with your spirit", which some scholars suggest refers to the gift of the Holy Spirit the priest received at ordination,<ref>{{cite web | url= http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/translating_notes.shtml | title= Frequently Asked Questions | work= Notes on the New Translation of the Missale Romanum, editio typica tertia | publisher= [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] | access-date= 27 November 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111126075124/http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/translating_notes.shtml | archive-date= 26 November 2011 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}</ref> in the [[Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed]] "[[consubstantial]] with the Father" was used as a translation of "consubstantialem Patri" (in [[Greek language|Greek]] "[[ὁμοούσιον]] τῷ Πατρί"),<ref>{{cite web | url= http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/consubstantial.shtml | title= Frequently Asked Questions | work= In the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed | publisher= [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] | access-date= 27 November 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111124041129/http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/consubstantial.shtml | archive-date= 24 November 2011 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}</ref> instead of "of one Being with the Father" (or, in the United States only, "one in Being with the Father"), and the [[Latin language|Latin]] phrase ''qui pro vobis et pro multis effundetur in remissionem peccatorum'', formerly translated as "It will be shed for you and ''for all'' so that sins may be forgiven", was translated literally as "which will be poured out for you and ''for many'' for the forgiveness of sins" (see [[Pro multis]]).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/translating_sixquestions.shtml | title=Frequently Asked Questions | work=Six Questions on the Translation of Pro Multis as "For Many" | publisher=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] | access-date=27 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206102820/http://old.usccb.org/romanmissal/translating_sixquestions.shtml | archive-date=6 December 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

This new official translation of the entire Order of Mass is available on the website of the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/order-of-mass.pdf |title=Order of Mass |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=6 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806055319/http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/order-of-mass.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> which also provides a comparison between the new text of the people's parts and that hitherto in use in the United States (where the version of the Nicene Creed was slightly different from that in other English-speaking countries).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/samples-people.shtml |title=Changes in the People's Parts |publisher=Usccb.org |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728150522/http://usccb.org/romanmissal/samples-people.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Pope Benedict XVI]] remarked: "Many will find it hard to adjust to unfamiliar texts after nearly forty years of continuous use of the previous translation. The change will need to be introduced with due sensitivity, and the opportunity for [[catechesis]] that it presents will need to be firmly grasped. I pray that in this way any risk of confusion or bewilderment will be averted, and the change will serve instead as a springboard for a renewal and a deepening of Eucharistic devotion all over the English-speaking world."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2010/april/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20100428_vox-clara-committee_en.html |title=To Members and Consultors of the Vox Clara Committee, 28 April 2010 |publisher=Vatican.va |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

The plan to introduce the new English translation of the missal was not without critics. Over 22,000 electronic signatures, some of them anonymous, were collected on a web petition to ask the Bishops, Cardinals and the Pope to reconsider the new translation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whatifwejustsaidwait.org/signatures.aspx |title=What If We Just Said Wait? |publisher=WhatIfWeJustSaidWait.org |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120190208/http://www.whatifwejustsaidwait.org/signatures.aspx |archive-date=20 November 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> At the time there was open dissent from one parish in Seattle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stleoparish.org/pdf/Archbishop%20Letter%20042011.pdf |title=St. Leo Parish Council |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812164734/http://www.stleoparish.org/pdf/Archbishop%20Letter%20042011.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The [[Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference]] (Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland) put into effect the changes in the people's parts of the revised English translation of the [[Order of Mass]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bisdomoudtshoorn.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=51|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308120509/http://www.bisdomoudtshoorn.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=51|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-03-08|title=A pastoral response to the faithful with regard to the new English Language Mass translations :: bisdomoudtshoorn.org ::|date=2009-03-08|access-date=2019-06-14}}</ref> from 28 November 2008, when the Missal as a whole was not yet available. Protests were voiced on grounds of content<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scross.co.za/2008/12/liturgical-anger/ |title= Liturgical Anger| author=Gunther Simmermacher |date= 24 December 2008|publisher=Scross.co.za |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scross.co.za/2008/12/harmful-text-changes/ |title=Letter |author= Fr John Conversett MCCJ |date=24 December 2008 |publisher=Scross.co.za |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.scross.co.za/2008/12/mass-translations-a-missed-opportunity/Judith Coyle IHM. Mass translations: A missed opportunity] {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and because it meant that Southern Africa was thus out of line with other English-speaking countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=208&Itemid=100|title=Pastoral Response to the New English Translation Text for Mass|last=Risi|first=Edward|date=3 February 2009|publisher=South African Bishops Conference|access-date=21 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085140/http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=208&Itemid=100|archive-date=16 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> One bishop claimed that the English-speaking conferences should have withstood the Holy See's insistence on a more literal translation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scross.co.za/2009/01/why-the-liturgical-anger-is-fair/ |title=Letter |author= Bishop Dowling |date=18 January 2009 |publisher=Scross.co.za |access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref> However, when in February 2009 the Holy See declared that the change should have awaited completion of work on the Missal, the bishops conference appealed, with the result that those parishes that had adopted the new translation were directed to continue using it, while those that had not were told to await further instructions before doing so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=238&Itemid=100|title=Clarification on the Implementation of the New English Mass Translation in South Africa|last=Brennan|first=Vincent|date=5 March 2009|access-date=21 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205091933/http://www.sacbc.org.za/Site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=238&Itemid=100|archive-date=5 December 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
In view of the foreseen opposition to making changes, the various English-speaking episcopal conferences arranged catechesis on the Mass and the Missal, and made information available also on the Internet.<ref>[http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Missal/Resources/IntroductionFAQ.shtml England and Wales]; [http://www.catholic.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1893&Itemid=436 Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812191525/http://www.catholic.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1893&Itemid=436 |date=12 August 2011 }}; [http://catholic.org.nz/ms/dsp-default.cfm?loadref=176&pid=C9F2B42F-B3C8-569A-74B5BAAD927FF5F1 New Zealand]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724200017/http://catholic.org.nz/ms/dsp-default.cfm?loadref=176&pid=C9F2B42F-B3C8-569A-74B5BAAD927FF5F1 |date=24 July 2011 }} [http://www.usccb.org/romanmissal/ United States.]</ref> Other initiatives included the [[Catholic News Agency]] publishing a series of ten articles on the revised translation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/columns.php?sub_id=24 |title=Preparing the way for the Roman Missal – 3rd Edition |publisher=CatholicNewsAgency.com |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-date=1 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201052028/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/columns.php?sub_id=24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2012, the [[Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines]] revised the 41-year-old liturgy with an English version of the Roman Missal, and later translated it in the [[vernacular]] to several [[Filipino language|native languages]] in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Manila Archdiocese starts seminars for new translation of Roman Missal|url= https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/244743/manila-archdiocese-starts-seminars-for-new-translation-of-roman-missal/story/|accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher=[[GMA Integrated News]] |date=January 16, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Aning|first1= Jerome |title=Church revises Roman Missal|url= https://globalnation.inquirer.net/19401/church-revises-roman-missal|accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=November 25, 2011}}</ref> For instance,  in 2024, the [[w:en: Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Malolos|Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos]] uses the [[w:en: Tagalog_language| Tagalog language]] Roman Missal entitled "Ang Aklat ng Mabuting Balita."<ref>{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Sandigan|url=https://dioceseofmalolos.ph/ |accessdate=April 27, 2024 |publisher= [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos]]|date=January 1, 2024}}</ref>