Editing Robinson Crusoe (section)

==Legacy==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2010}}

===Influence on language===
The book proved to be so popular that the names of the two main protagonists, Crusoe and Friday, have entered the language. During [[World War II]], people who decided to stay and hide in the [[Planned destruction of Warsaw|ruins of the German-occupied city]] of [[Warsaw]] for a period of three winter months, from October to January 1945, when they were rescued by the [[Red Army]], were later called [[Robinson Crusoes of Warsaw]] (''Robinsonowie warszawscy'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Barbara |last2=Libionka |first2=Dariusz |year=2009 |title=Żydzi w Powstańczej Warszawie |pages=260–293 |place=Warsaw, PL |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów |isbn=978-83-926831-1-7}}</ref> Robinson Crusoe usually referred to his servant as "my man Friday", from which the term "[[Man Friday]]" (or "Girl Friday") originated.

===Influence on literature===
''Robinson Crusoe'' marked the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Kathleen |last1=Buss |first2=Lee |last2=Karnowski |year=2000 |title=Reading and Writing Literary Genres |page=[https://archive.org/details/readingwritingli0000buss/page/7 7] |publisher=International Reading Association |isbn=978-0872072572 |url=https://archive.org/details/readingwritingli0000buss |url-access=registration}}</ref> Its success led to many imitators; and castaway novels, written by Ambrose Evans, [[Penelope Aubin]], and others, became quite popular in Europe in the 18th and early 19th&nbsp;centuries.<ref>{{cite book |first=Laura |last=Brown |year=2003 |chapter=Ch.&nbsp;7 Oceans and Floods |page=109 |editor-link=Felicity A. Nussbaum |editor-first=Felicity A. |editor-last=Nussbaum |title=The Global Eighteenth Century |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |place=Baltimore, MD}}</ref> Most of these have fallen into obscurity, but some became established, including ''[[The Swiss Family Robinson]]'', which borrowed Crusoe's first name for its title.

[[Jonathan Swift]]'s ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'', published seven years after ''Robinson Crusoe'', may be read as a systematic rebuttal of Defoe's optimistic account of human capability. In ''The Unthinkable Swift: The Spontaneous Philosophy of a Church of England Man'', [[Warren Montag]] argues that Swift was concerned about refuting the notion that the individual precedes society, as Defoe's novel seems to suggest. In ''[[Treasure Island]]'', author [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] parodies{{Citation needed|date=September 2024|reason=to list it in [[Ben Gunn (Treasure Island)]]}} Crusoe with the character of [[Ben Gunn (Treasure Island)|Ben Gunn]], a friendly castaway who was marooned for many years, has a wild appearance, dresses entirely in goat skin, and constantly talks about providence.

In [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]'s treatise on education, ''[[Emile, or on Education]]'', the one book the protagonist is allowed to read before the age of twelve is ''Robinson Crusoe''. Rousseau wants Emile to identify himself as Crusoe so he can rely upon himself for all of his needs. In Rousseau's view, Emile needs to imitate Crusoe's experience, allowing necessity to determine what is to be learned and accomplished. This is one of the main themes of Rousseau's educational model.

[[File:Robinson crusoe bookstore.JPG|thumb|Robinson Crusoe bookstore on [[İstiklal Avenue]], [[Istanbul]]]]

In ''[[The Tale of Little Pig Robinson]]'', [[Beatrix Potter]] directs the reader to ''Robinson Crusoe'' for a detailed description of the island (the land of the Bong tree) to which her eponymous hero moves. In [[Wilkie Collins]]' most popular novel, ''[[The Moonstone]]'', one of the chief characters and narrators, Gabriel Betteredge, has faith in all that Robinson Crusoe says and uses the book for a sort of [[divination]]. He considers ''The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe'' the finest book ever written, reads it over and over again, and considers a man but poorly read if he had happened not to read the book.

French novelist [[Michel Tournier]] published ''[[Friday, or, The Other Island]]'' (French ''Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique'') in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilization versus nature, the psychology of solitude, as well as death and sexuality in a retelling of Defoe's ''Robinson Crusoe'' story. Tournier's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilization when offered the chance to escape 28&nbsp;years after being shipwrecked. Likewise, in 1963, [[J. M. G. Le Clézio]], winner of the 2008 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], published the novel ''[[Le Proces-Verbal]]''. The book's [[Epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] is a quote from ''Robinson Crusoe'', and like Crusoe, the novel's protagonist Adam Pollo suffers long periods of loneliness.

"Crusoe in England", a 183&nbsp;line poem by [[Elizabeth Bishop]], imagines Crusoe near the end of his life, recalling his time of exile with a mixture of bemusement and regret.

[[J. M. Coetzee]]'s 1986 novel ''[[Foe (Coetzee novel)|Foe]]'' recounts the tale of Robinson Crusoe from the perspective of a woman named Susan Barton.

Other stories that share similar themes to ''Robinson Crusoe'' include [[William Golding]]'s [[Lord of the Flies|''Lord Of The Flies'']] (1954),<ref name="s532">{{cite web | last=Little | first=Becky | title=Debunking the Myth of the 'Real' Robinson Crusoe | website=National Geographic | date=2016-09-28 | url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/robinson-crusoe-alexander-selkirk-history | access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref><ref name="Stein_2013">{{cite thesis |last1=Stein |first1=Christopher David |date=May 2013 |title=Narrative Retellings And The Creation Of Identity Discourse In Western Literature: Three Major Adaptations Of Robinson Crusoe |url=https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/6108vd89k |degree=MA |publisher=Humboldt State University |access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref> [[J. G. Ballard]]'s ''[[Concrete Island]]'' (1974),<ref name="j206">{{cite web | last=Levin | first=Martin | title=Concrete Island | website=The New York Times Web Archive | date=2018-04-08 | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/07/12/specials/ballard-island.html | access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref> and [[Andy Weir]]'s [[The Martian (Weir novel)|''The Martian'']] (2011).<ref name="n626">{{cite news | last=Achenbach | first=Joel | title=Andy Weir and his book 'The Martian' may have saved NASA and the entire space program | newspaper=Washington Post | date=2015-05-05 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/achenblog/wp/2015/05/05/andy-weir-and-his-book-the-martian-may-have-saved-nasa-and-the-entire-space-program/ | access-date=2024-06-15}}</ref>

==== Inverted Crusoeism ====
The term "inverted Crusoeism" was coined by [[J. G. Ballard]]. The paradigm of Robinson Crusoe has been a recurring topic in Ballard's work.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sellars |first=Simon |year=2012 |title="Zones of Transition": Micronationalism in the work of J.G. Ballard |pages=230–248 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London}}</ref> Whereas the original Robinson Crusoe became a [[castaway]] against his own will, Ballard's protagonists often choose to maroon themselves; hence inverted Crusoeism (e.g., [[Concrete Island]]). The concept provides a reason as to why people would deliberately maroon themselves on a remote island; in Ballard's work, becoming a castaway is as much a healing and empowering process as an entrapping one, enabling people to discover a more meaningful and vital existence.

===Comic strip adaptations===
The story was also illustrated and published in comic book form by ''[[Classics Illustrated]]'' in 1943 and 1957. The much improved 1957 version was inked / penciled by Sam Citron, who is most well known for his contributions to the earlier issues of ''[[Superman (comic book)|Superman]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=William B. |date=15 August 2011 |title=Classics Illustrated: A cultural history |page=203 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |edition=2nd}}</ref> British illustrator Reginald Ben Davis drew a female version of the story titled ''Jill Crusoe, Castaway'' (1950–1959).<ref>{{cite web |title=Reginald Ben Davis |series=artists' webpage |website=lambiek.net |url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/davis_reginald_ben.htm |access-date=16 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116052623/https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/davis_reginald_ben.htm |archive-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

[[Bob Mankoff]], cartoon editor of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' attributes the genre of [[desert island joke|desert island cartoons]], which began appearing in the publication in the 1930s, to the popularity of Robinson Crusoe.<ref name="vf">{{cite magazine|last1=Handy|first1=Bruce|title=A Guy, a Palm Tree, and a Desert Island: The Cartoon Genre That Just Won't Die|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2012/05/history-of-the-desert-island-cartoon|accessdate=22 December 2016|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=25 May 2012}}</ref>

===Stage adaptations===
A [[pantomime]] version of ''Robinson Crusoe'' was staged at the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane]] in 1796, with [[Joseph Grimaldi]] as [[Harlequinade#Pierrot|Pierrot]] in the [[harlequinade]]. The piece was produced again in 1798, this time starring Grimaldi as [[Harlequinade#Pierrot|Clown]]. In 1815, Grimaldi played Friday in another version of ''Robinson Crusoe''.<ref>Findlater, pp.&nbsp;60, 76; Grimaldi (box edition), pp.&nbsp;184–185, 193; and McConnell Stott, p.&nbsp;101</ref>

[[Jacques Offenbach]] wrote an [[opéra comique]] called ''[[Robinson Crusoé]]'', which was first performed at the [[Opéra-Comique]] in Paris on 23&nbsp;November 1867. This was based on the British pantomime version rather than the novel itself. The libretto was by [[Eugène Cormon]] and [[Hector-Jonathan Crémieux]].

There have been a number of other stage adaptations, including those by [[Isaac Pocock]], Jim Helsinger and Steve Shaw and a [[Robinson Crusoe (Musical)|musical]] by Victor Prince.

===Film adaptations===
There is a 1927 silent film titled ''[[Robinson Crusoe (1927 film)|Robinson Crusoe]]''. The Soviet 3D film ''[[Robinson Crusoe (1947 film)|Robinson Crusoe]]'' was produced in 1947.

One of the first adaptations still available dates from 1932 titled ''[[Mr. Robinson Crusoe]]''. This film was produced by [[Douglas Fairbanks|Douglas Fairbanks Sr]] and directed by [[Eddie Sutherland]]. Set in Tahiti, the film depicts Steve Drexel, the main character, trying to survive on a desert island for almost a year. This film was not very successful.

[[Luis Buñuel]] directed ''[[Adventures of Robinson Crusoe]]'' starring [[Dan O'Herlihy]], released in 1954. Luis Buñuel filmed an account which at first viewing appeared to be a rather simple straightforward telling of Robinson Crusoe. A big stand out with this film is that Buñuel breaks the previous films' traditions of having Friday as a slave and Crusoe as the master. The two manage to become actually friends and they operate essentially as equals.

In 1966, [[Walt Disney]] later comedicized the novel with ''[[Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.]]'', featuring [[Dick Van Dyke]]. In this version, Friday became a beautiful woman, but named 'Wednesday' instead.

Variations on the theme include the 1954 ''[[Miss Robin Crusoe]]'', with a female castaway, played by [[Amanda Blake]], and a female Friday, and in 1965 we get the film adaptation ''[[Robinson Crusoe on Mars]]'', starring [[Paul Mantee]], with an alien Friday portrayed by [[Victor Lundin]] and an added character played by [[Adam West]]. [[Byron Haskin]]s manages to underscore Crusoe's removal and field of the red planet that we call mars. Our main character meets a Friday-esque character but makes no effort to try and understand his language. Like the book, in this film, Friday is trying to escape from cruel masters. This movie has lots of appeal to fans of adventures stories and the film has a distinctive visual style that adds to its character.

In 1968, [[United States|American]] writer/director Ralph C. Bluemke made a [[family-friendly]] version of the story titled ''[[Robby (film)|Robby]]'', in which the main characters were portrayed as children. It starred Warren Raum as Robby (Robinson Crusoe) and Ryp Siani as Friday (who were the director's first choices for the roles).<ref name= FKK48>{{cite news| url= http://www.fkk-museum.de/bilder/278_487.jpg | title= Robby| page=2| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170904070242/http://www.fkk-museum.de/bilder/278_48.jpg| archivedate= 2017-09-04| date= | publisher= republished online at fkk-museum.de| access-date= 2022-04-05}}</ref> Bluemke originally conceived the idea while working at a bank in 1960.<ref name= FKK47>{{cite news| url= http://www.fkk-museum.de/bilder/278_47.jpg | title= Robby| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170904070242/http://www.fkk-museum.de/bilder/278_47.jpg| archivedate= 2017-09-04| date= | publisher= republished online at fkk-museum.de| access-date= 2022-04-05}}</ref>  Given the nature and location of the script, Bluemke knew from the beginning that the film would require a certain amount of [[nudity]] in order to give it a sense of realism and authenticity. At the time, he was under the impression that the nudity depicted in the film would be condoned as natural and innocent, given the backdrop of the story, and given that the actors involved were [[prepubescent]] boys.<ref name= FKK49>{{cite news| url= http://www.fkk-museum.de/bilder/278_49.jpg | title= Robby| page=3| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20170904070242/http://www.fkk-museum.de/bilder/278_49.jpg| archivedate= 2017-09-04| date= | publisher= republished online at fkk-museum.de| access-date= 2022-04-05}}</ref>  The film failed to secure a wide distribution deal, in part because prospective distributors were wary about the extensive nudity featured in the film. Undaunted, the producers raised enough capital to release the film themselves, acting as their own distributor. It had limited screenings on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in [[New York City]] on August 14, 1968.<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0063513/releaseinfo|title=Robby (1968) – IMDb|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>

[[Peter O'Toole]] and [[Richard Roundtree]] co-starred in a 1975 film ''[[Man Friday (1975 film)|Man Friday]]'' which sardonically portrayed Crusoe as incapable of seeing his dark-skinned companion as anything but an inferior creature, while Friday is more enlightened and sympathetic. In 1988, [[Aidan Quinn]] portrayed Robinson Crusoe in the film ''[[Crusoe (film)|Crusoe]]''. A 1997 movie entitled ''[[Robinson Crusoe (1997 film)|Robinson Crusoe]]'' starred [[Pierce Brosnan]] and received limited commercial success. The 2000 film ''[[Cast Away]]'', with [[Tom Hanks]] as a FedEx employee stranded on an island for many years, also borrows much from the Robinson Crusoe story.

In 1981, [[Czechoslovakia]]n director and animator [[Stanislav Látal]] made a version of the story under the name ''[[Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a Sailor from York]]'' combining traditional and stop-motion animation. The movie was coproduced by regional West Germany broadcaster Südwestfunk Baden-Baden.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Animated adaptations===
In 1988, an animated cartoon for children called ''Classic Adventure Stories Robinson Crusoe'' was released. Crusoe's early sea travels are simplified, as his ship outruns the [[Salé Rovers]] pirates but then gets wrecked in a storm.<ref>{{cite AV media |medium=video |series=Classic Adventure Stories |title=Robinson Crusoe |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsbK1yk3Gcs | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/fsbK1yk3Gcs| archive-date=2021-10-30|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{full citation needed|date=September 2020}}</ref>

And then in 1995 the BBC first aired the series ''[[Robinson Sucroe]]'' until 1998, with [[The Children's Channel]] and [[Pop (British and Irish TV channel)|Pop]] repeating it.

=== Radio adaptations ===
''Daniel Defoe – Robinson Crusoe'' was adapted as a two-part play for [[BBC Radio|BBC radio]]. Dramatised by Steve Chambers and directed by Marion Nancarrow, and starring [[Roy Marsden]] and Tom Bevan, it was first broadcast on [[BBC Radio 4]] in May 1998. It was subsequently rebroadcast on [[BBC Radio 4 Extra]] in February 2023.

===TV adaptations===
In 1964, a French film production crew made a 13-part serial of ''[[The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (TV series)|The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe]]''. It starred [[Robert Hoffmann]]. The black-and-white series was dubbed into English and German. In the UK, the BBC broadcast it on numerous occasions between 1965 and 1977.

The [[Crusoe (TV series)|2008–2009 ''Crusoe'' TV series]] was a 13-part show created by Stephen Gallagher.

Two 2000s reality television series, ''[[Expedition Robinson]]'' and ''[[Survivor (franchise)|Survivor]]'', have their contestants try to survive on an isolated location, usually an island. The concept is influenced by ''Robinson Crusoe''.