Editing Roald Amundsen (section)

=== The Northeast Passage ===
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Polarskipet Maud.jpg|thumb|{{ship||Maud|ship|2}} in June 1918]]

In 1918, an expedition Amundsen began with a new ship, {{ship||Maud|ship|2}}, lasted until 1925. ''Maud'' was carefully navigated through the ice west to east through the [[Northern Sea Route|Northeast Passage]]. With him on this expedition were Oscar Wisting and Helmer Hanssen, both of whom had been part of the team to reach the South Pole. In addition, Henrik Lindstrøm was included as a cook. He suffered a stroke and was so physically reduced that he could not participate.

The goal of the expedition was to explore the unknown areas of the Arctic Ocean, strongly inspired by Fridtjof Nansen's earlier expedition with ''Fram''. The plan was to sail along the coast of [[Siberia]] and go into the ice farther to the north and east than Nansen had. In contrast to Amundsen's earlier expeditions, this was expected to yield more material for academic research, and he carried the geophysicist [[Harald Sverdrup (oceanographer)|Harald Sverdrup]] on board.

The voyage was to the northeasterly direction over the [[Kara Sea]]. Amundsen planned to freeze the ''Maud'' into the [[Arctic ice pack|polar ice cap]] and drift towards the North Pole{{snd}}as Nansen had done with the ''Fram''{{snd}}and he did so off [[Cape Chelyuskin]]. But, the ice became so thick that the ship was unable to break free, although it was designed for such a journey in heavy ice. In September 1919, the crew got the ship loose from the ice, but it froze again after eleven days somewhere between the [[New Siberian Islands]] and [[Wrangel Island]].

During this time, Amundsen suffered a broken arm and was attacked by a polar bear.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/karpoff/Research/Amundsen.pdf |title=Roald Amundsen: Essay prepared for The Encyclopedia of the Arctic|last=Karpoff |first=Jonathan M.|publisher=University of Washington |access-date=16 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520123322/http://faculty.washington.edu/karpoff/Research/Amundsen.pdf |archive-date=20 May 2013 }}</ref> As a result, he participated little in the work outdoors, such as sleigh rides and hunting. He, Hanssen, and Wisting, along with two other men, embarked on an expedition by dog sled to Nome, Alaska, more than {{convert|1000|km}} away. But they found that the ice was not frozen solid in the [[Bering Strait]], and it could not be crossed. They sent a telegram from [[Anadyr (town)|Anadyr]] to signal their location.

After two winters frozen in the ice, without having achieved the goal of drifting over the North Pole, Amundsen decided to go to Nome to repair the ship and buy provisions. Several of the crew ashore there, including Hanssen, did not return on time to the ship. Amundsen considered Hanssen to be in breach of contract, and dismissed him from the crew.

During the third winter, ''Maud'' was frozen in the western Bering Strait. She finally became free and the expedition sailed south, reaching [[Seattle]], in the American Pacific Northwest in 1921 for repairs. Amundsen returned to Norway, needing to put his finances in order. He took with him two young indigenous girls, a four-year-old he adopted, Kakonita, and her companion Camilla. When Amundsen went bankrupt two years later, however, he sent the girls to be cared for by Camilla's father, who lived in eastern Russia.<ref name="Amundsen adoption" />

In June 1922, Amundsen returned to ''Maud'', which had been sailed to Nome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sewardpeninsula.com/s/roald-amundsen.pdf|title=The Northern Explorer Roald Amundsen|access-date=13 April 2019|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819063102/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c60a493fd679375e23729d2/t/5cb243c2e5e5f08d01387aed/1555186626295/roald-amundsen.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He decided to shift from the planned naval expedition to aerial ones, and arranged to charter a plane. He divided the expedition team in two: one part, led by him, was to winter over and prepare for an attempt to fly over the pole in 1923. The second team on ''Maud'', under the command of Wisting, was to resume the original plan to drift over the North Pole in the ice. The ship drifted in the ice for three years east of the New Siberian Islands, never reaching the North Pole. It was finally seized by Amundsen's creditors as collateral for his mounting debt.

Although they were unable to reach the North Pole, the scientific results of the expedition, mainly the work of Sverdrup, have proven to be of considerable value. Much of the carefully collected scientific data was lost during the ill-fated journey of [[Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen]], two crew members sent on a mission by Amundsen. The scientific materials were later retrieved in 1922 by Russian scientist [[Nikolay Urvantsev]] from where they had been abandoned on the shores of the [[Kara Sea]].<ref name="Barr1919" />