Editing Rig (sailing) (section)

== Austronesian and East Asian vessels ==
{{See also|Austronesian vessels}} 
{{Gallery|File:Austronesian Sail Types.png|Traditional [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] generalized sail types. C, D, E, and F are types of [[crab claw sail]]s. G, H, and I are [[tanja sail]]s.<ref name="Doran1981">{{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin B. |title=Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins |date=1981 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=9780890961070}}</ref><br>'''A''' Double sprit ([[Sri Lanka]])<br>'''B''' [[Spritsail|Common sprit]] ([[Philippines]]) <br>'''C''' Oceanic sprit ([[Tahiti]]) <br>'''D''' Oceanic sprit ([[Marquesas]]) <br>'''E''' Oceanic sprit ([[Philippines]]) <br>'''F''' Crane sprit ([[Marshall Islands]]) <br>'''G''' [[Tanja sail|Rectangular boom lug]] ([[Maluku Islands]]) <br>'''H''' [[Lug sail|Square boom lug]] ([[Gulf of Thailand]]) <br>'''I''' [[Lug sail|Trapezial boom lug]] ([[Vietnam]])|align=right|height=275|width=275}}
Austronesian rigs include what are generally called [[crab claw sail|crab claw]] (also misleadingly called the "oceanic [[lateen]]" or the "oceanic [[sprit]]") and [[tanja sail|tanja]] rigs. They were used for double-canoe ([[catamaran]]), [[single-outrigger]] (on the windward side), or [[double-outrigger]] boat configurations, in addition to [[monohull]]s.<ref name="horridge2008">{{cite book |last1=Horridge |first1=Adrian |title=Canoes of the Grand Ocean |publisher=Archaeopress |year=2008 |isbn=9781407302898 |editor1-last=Di Piazza |editor1-first=Anne |series=BAR International Series 1802 |chapter=Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs |access-date=22 October 2019 |editor2-last=Pearthree |editor2-first=Erik |chapter-url=http://adrian-horridge.org/downloads/Pacific%20canoes.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726112653/http://adrian-horridge.org/downloads/Pacific%20canoes.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2020 |url-status=live |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="lacsina">{{cite thesis |last=Lacsina |first=Ligaya |date=2016 |title=Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques |publisher=Flinders University |type=PhD}}</ref>  These rigs were independently developed by the [[Austronesian peoples]] during the [[Neolithic]], beginning with the crab claw sail  at around 1500 BCE. They are used throughout the range of the [[Austronesian Expansion]], from [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], to [[Micronesia]], [[Island Melanesia]], [[Polynesia]], and [[Madagascar]].<ref name="Campbell"/> 

=== Crab claw===
{{Main|Crab claw sail}}
{{See also|Proa}} 
There are several distinct types of crab claw rigs, but unlike western rigs, they do not have fixed conventional names.<ref name="Horridge1986" /> Crab claw sails are rigged [[fore-and-aft]] and can be tilted and rotated relative to the wind. They evolved from V-shaped perpendicular [[Square sail|square sails]] in which the two spars converge at the base of the hull. The simplest form of the crab claw sail (also with the widest distribution) is composed of a triangular sail supported by two light spars (sometimes erroneously called "[[Sprit|sprits]]") on each side. They were originally mastless, and the entire assembly was taken down when the sails were lowered.<ref name="Campbell">{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=I.C. |date=1995 |title=The Lateen Sail in World History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617 |journal=Journal of World History |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |jstor=20078617}}</ref>

The need to propel larger and more heavily laden boats led to the increase in vertical sail. However this introduced more instability to the vessels. In addition to the unique invention of [[Outrigger boat|outriggers]] to solve this, the sails were also leaned backwards and the converging point moved further forward on the hull. This new configuration required a loose "prop" in the middle of the hull to hold the spars up, as well as rope supports on the windward side. This allowed more sail area (and thus more power) while keeping the center of effort low and thus making the boats more stable. The prop was later converted into fixed or removable canted masts where the spars of the sails were actually suspended by a [[halyard]] from the masthead. This type of sail is most refined in Micronesian [[proa]]s which could reach very high speeds. These configurations are sometimes known as the "crane sprit" or the "crane spritsail".<ref name="Campbell" /><ref name="Horridge1986" />

Another evolution of the basic crab claw sail is the conversion of the upper spar into a fixed mast. In [[Polynesia]], this gave the sail more height while also making it narrower, giving it a shape reminiscent of crab [[Chela (organ)|pincers]] (hence "crab claw" sail). This was also usually accompanied by the lower spar becoming more curved.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref name="Horridge1986">{{cite journal |last1=Horridge |first1=Adrian |date=April 1986 |title=The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168892 |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=83–99 |doi=10.1080/00223348608572530 |jstor=25168892}}</ref>

Micronesian, Island Melanesian, and Polynesian single-outrigger vessels also used the canted mast configuration to uniquely develop [[Shunting (sailing)|shunting]].<ref name="Campbell"/> In shunting vessels, both ends are alike, and the boat is sailed in either direction, but it has a fixed leeward side and a windward side. The boat is shunted from [[Point of sail#reaching|beam reach]] to beam reach to change direction, with the wind over the side, a low-force procedure. The bottom corner of the crab claw sail is moved to the other end, which becomes the bow as the boat sets off back the way it came. The mast usually hinges, adjusting the rake or angle of the mast. The crab claw configuration used on these vessels is a [[Stress (mechanics)|low-stress]] rig, which can be built with simple tools and low-tech materials, but it is extremely fast. On a beam reach, it may be the fastest simple rig.

<gallery heights="150px" class="center" caption="Crab claw examples">
Rigging-melanesia-sail.svg|[[Melanesia]]n V-shaped [[square sail]]
Rigging-newzealand-sail.svg|[[New Zealand]] V-shaped [[square sail]]
Rigging-crabclaws1-sail.svg|[[Polynesia]]n [[crab claw sail]]
Rigging-crabclaws2-sail.svg|[[New Guinea]] [[crab claw sail]]
Rigging-crabclaws3-sail.svg|[[Hawaii]]an [[crab claw sail]] with the upper spar merged with the fixed mast
</gallery>

===Tanja===
{{Main|Tanja sail}}
The conversion of the prop to a fixed mast in the crab claw sail led to the much later invention of the [[tanja sail]] (also known variously and misleadingly as the canted square sail, canted rectangular sail, boomed lugsail, or balance lugsail). Tanja sails were rigged similarly to crab claw sails and also had spars on both the head and the foot of the sails; but they were square or rectangular with the spars not converging into a point.<ref name="Campbell" /><ref name="Horridge1986" /> They are generally mounted on one or two (rarely three or more) bipod or tripod masts, usually made from thick [[bamboo]].<ref name="Pelras"/><ref name="Burningham">{{cite book |last1=Burningham |first1=Nick |editor1-first=Angela|editor1-last= Schottenhammer |chapter=Shipping of the Indian Ocean World |title=Early global interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean world. Volume 2: Exchange of ideas, religions, and technologies |date=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9783319978017 |pages=141–202}}</ref><ref name="Chaudhuri">{{cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=K.N. |title=Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750 |date=1985 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521285421 |page=152}}</ref> The masts have curved heads with grooves for attaching the [[halyard]]s. The lower part of two of the bamboo poles of the mast assembly have holes that are fitted unto the ends of a cross-wise length of timber on the deck, functioning like a hinge. The forward part of the mast assembly had a forelock. By unlocking it, the mast can be lowered across the ship.<ref name="Pelras"/>

Despite the similarity of its appearance to western square rigs, the tanja is a fore-and-aft rig similar to a [[lugsail]]. The sail was suspended from the upper spar ("yard"), while the lower spar functioned like a boom.<ref name="Pelras"/> When set fore-and-aft, the spars extend forward of the mast by about a third of their lengths. When running before the wind, they are set perpendicular to the hull, similar to a square rig.<ref name="Paine">{{cite book |last1=Paine |first1=Lincoln |title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World |date=2013 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=9780307962256 |page=286}}</ref> The sail can be rotated around the mast (lessening the need for steering with the rudders) and tilted to move the center of pull forward or aft. The sail can even be tilted completely horizontally, becoming wing-like, to lift the bow above incoming waves. The sail is [[reefing|reefed]] by rolling it around the lower spar.<ref name="Pelras">{{cite book |last1=Pelras |first1=Christian |title=The Bugis |date=1997 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780631172314 |pages=258–259}}</ref>

In addition to the tanja sails, ships with the tanja rigs also have [[bowsprit]]s set with a quadrilateral [[headsail]], sometimes also canted as depicted in the [[Borobudur ship]]s.<ref name="Paine"/> In the colonial era, these were replaced by triangular western-style [[jib]]s (often several in later periods), and the tanja sails themselves were slowly replaced with western rigs like [[gaff rig]]s.<ref name="Pelras"/>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px" caption="Tanja examples">
Iranun Lanong warship by Rafael Monleón (1890).jpg|[[Iranun people|Iranun]] ''[[lanong]]'' with three [[tanja sail]]s on a combination of single and tripod masts
Banawa of Celebes.png|[[Makassar people|Makassar]] ''[[benawa]]'' with tanja sails on removable tripod masts and a [[jib]]
Padewakang reconstruction figure 21.jpg|[[Makassar people|Makassar]] ''[[padewakang]]'' with tanja sails on bipod masts
Micronesian canoes, Humboldt Forum 2021, Overview2.jpg|[[Micronesians|Micronesian]] [[catamaran]] with tanja sails on single fixed masts
</gallery>

===Junk===
{{Main|Junk rig}}
{{See also|Djong|Junk (ship)}}
The oldest undisputed depiction of the [[junk rig]] is from the [[Bayon temple]] ({{circa|12th to 13th century}}) of [[Angkor Thom]], [[Cambodia]], which shows a ship with a keel and a sternpost and identifies it as Southeast Asian.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Burningham|first=Nick|year=2019|title=Early Global Interconnectivity across the Indian Ocean World, Volume II: Exchange of Ideas, Religions, and Technologies|location=Cham|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|editor-last=Schottenhammer|editor-first=Angela|pages=141–201|chapter=Chapter 6: Shipping of the Indian Ocean World}}</ref>{{Rp|188-189}}{{Rp|458}}<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Inglis|first=Douglas Andrew|date=2014|title=The Borobudur Vessels in Context|publisher=Texas A&M University}}</ref> Historians Paul Johnstone and [[Joseph Needham]] suggest an Austronesian (specifically [[Indonesia]]n) origin of the rig.<ref name="Jett">{{cite book |last1=Jett |first1=Stephen C. |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa |isbn=9780817319397}}</ref>{{Rp|179}}<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 4642">Needham, Joseph (1971). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{Rp|599, 612-613}}<ref name="Johnstone 1980">{{Cite book|last=Johnstone|first=Paul|title=The Seacraft of Prehistory|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1980|isbn=978-0674795952|location=Cambridge}}</ref>{{Rp|191–192}} Junk rigs were adopted by the Chinese by around the 12th century.<ref name="Minh-Hà 2012">{{Cite book |last=L. Pham |first=Charlotte Minh-Hà |url=https://archive.org/details/unit-14-unesco/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater&q=sail |title=Asian Shipbuilding Technology |publisher=UNESCO Bangkok Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education |year=2012 |isbn=978-92-9223-413-3 |location=Bangkok |pages=20–21 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref> Iconographic remains show that Chinese ships before the 12th century used square sails.<ref name="needham volume 4 part 3 46422">Needham, Joseph (1971). ''Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part III: Civil Engineering and Nautics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{Rp|456-457, plate CDIII–CDVI}} It also further diffused into other [[East Asia]]n shipbuilding traditions, notably [[Japan]].<ref>Crossley, Pamela Kyle, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, and David Northrup. "Song Dynasty." ''The Earth and Its Peoples''. By Richard W. Bulliet. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008. 279–80. Print.</ref> 

In its most traditional form the junk rig is carried on an unstayed mast (i.e. a mast without [[Shroud (sailing)|shrouds]] or [[Stays (nautical)|stays]], supported only on the step at the keelson and the partners); however, standing rigging of some kind is not uncommon. It is typical to run the halyards (lines used to raise and lower the sail) and [[Sheet (sailing)|sheets]] (lines used to trim the sail) to the [[companionway]] on a junk-rigged boat. This means that typical sailhandling can be performed from the relative safety of the cockpit, or even while the crew is below deck.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Junk sails are typically carried on a mast which rakes (slants) forward a few degrees from vertical. This causes the sail to swing outwards, absent wind pushing it, which makes the use of a [[preventer|preventer (a line to keep the sail extended)]] unnecessary.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px" caption="Junk examples">
Four Kind of Ships which Bantenese Use de Bry.jpg|Southeast Asian [[djong]]s (''D'Eerste Boeck'', {{circa|1599}}) with both [[tanja sail|tanja]] and [[junk rig]]s
Kangxi-Reise.jpg|[[Qing dynasty]] Chinese [[junk (ship)|junk]] (''chuán'') ({{circa|18th century}}), note the partially [[reefing|reefed]] sails
The Naga Pelangi under full canvas.JPG|[[Malay people|Malay]] ''[[Pinas (ship)|pinas]]''
Maquette - caboteur de la Laguna - Manille, Philippines.jpg|[[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] ''[[balación]]''
Picture of a kai-sen at Tokyo National Museum Image Archives, ID C0070617 A-9899.jpg|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] ''kai-sen''
</gallery>