Editing Rift Valley fever (section)

==Prevention==

A person's chances of becoming infected can be reduced by taking measures to decrease contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected animals and protect against mosquitoes and other bloodsucking insects. The use of mosquito repellents and bed nets are two effective methods. For persons working with animals in RVF-endemic areas, wearing protective equipment to avoid any exposure to blood or tissues of animals that may potentially be infected is an important protective measure.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web |title=Prevention: Rift Valley Fever {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/rvf/prevention/index.html |publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=24 September 2018 |language=en-us}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Potentially, establishing environmental monitoring and case surveillance systems may aid in the prediction and control of future RVF outbreaks.<ref name="CDC"/>

No [[vaccine]]s are currently available for humans. While vaccines have been developed for humans, it has only been used experimentally for scientific personnel in high-risk environments.<ref name=WHO2010/> Trials of several vaccines, such as NDBR-103 and TSI-GSD 200, are ongoing.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fawzy M, Helmy YA | title = The One Health Approach is Necessary for the Control of Rift Valley Fever Infections in Egypt: A Comprehensive Review | journal = Viruses | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 139 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30736362 | pmc = 6410127 | doi = 10.3390/v11020139 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Different types of vaccines for veterinary use are available. The killed vaccines are impractical in routine animal field vaccination because of the need for multiple injections. Live vaccines require a single injection but are known to cause birth defects and abortions in sheep and induce only low-level protection in cattle. The live-attenuated vaccine, MP-12, has demonstrated promising results in laboratory trials in domesticated animals, but more research is needed before the vaccine can be used in the field. The live-attenuated clone 13 vaccine was recently registered and used in South Africa. Alternative vaccines using molecular recombinant constructs are in development and show promising results.<ref name="CDC" />

A vaccine has been conditionally approved for use in animals in the US.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ikegami T, Hill TE, Smith JK, Zhang L, Juelich TL, Gong B, Slack OA, Ly HJ, Lokugamage N, Freiberg AN | title = Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Vaccine Is Fully Attenuated by a Combination of Partial Attenuations in the S, M, and L Segments | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 89 | issue = 14 | pages = 7262–76 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25948740 | pmc = 4473576 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.00135-15 }}</ref> It has been shown that knockout of the NSs and NSm nonstructural proteins of this virus produces an effective vaccine in sheep as well.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bird BH, Maartens LH, Campbell S, Erasmus BJ, Erickson BR, Dodd KA, Spiropoulou CF, Cannon D, Drew CP, Knust B, McElroy AK, Khristova ML, Albariño CG, Nichol ST | title = Rift Valley fever virus vaccine lacking the NSs and NSm genes is safe, nonteratogenic, and confers protection from viremia, pyrexia, and abortion following challenge in adult and pregnant sheep | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 85 | issue = 24 | pages = 12901–09 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 21976656 | pmc = 3233145 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.06046-11 }}</ref>